Perlindungan Merek Terkenal Asing di Indonesia: Telaah Yuridis atas Praktik Pengadilan Niaga
Protecting Well-Known Foreign Trademarks in Indonesia: A Juridical Analysis of Commercial Court Practices
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/slr.v7i1.13098Keywords:
Perlindungan Hukum, Merek Terkenal, First to FileAbstract
This article examines the legal protection of well-known foreign trademarks in Indonesia within the framework of international legal commitments and national judicial practice, using the trademark dispute between TikTok Ltd. and a local trademark owner before the Commercial Court as a case study. The study aims to analyze the scope of legal protection afforded to well-known foreign marks and to identify the legal factors underlying TikTok Ltd.’s unsuccessful claim. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, doctrinal, and case-law approaches, this research draws upon Indonesia’s Trademark and Geographical Indications Law as well as the principles embodied in the Paris Convention and the TRIPS Agreement. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s trademark protection regime remains strongly oriented toward the first-to-file principle, under which national registration constitutes the primary basis for the recognition of trademark rights. In the case examined, the prior registration of the local apparel mark predated TikTok Ltd.’s market presence in Indonesia, rendering claims based solely on international reputation insufficient to displace the rights of the earlier registrant. This study underscores that global brand reputation does not automatically secure legal protection in Indonesia without timely local registration and adequate evidence of use and recognition in the domestic market, and it calls for closer harmonization between international norms and national trademark policy to enhance legal certainty for owners of well-known foreign trademarks.
Abstrak
Artikel ini mengkaji perlindungan hukum terhadap merek terkenal asing di Indonesia dalam kerangka komitmen hukum internasional dan praktik peradilan nasional, dengan studi kasus sengketa merek antara TikTok Ltd. dan pemilik merek lokal di Pengadilan Niaga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi merek terkenal asing serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor hukum yang menyebabkan gugatan TikTok Ltd. tidak dikabulkan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum merek, dan analisis putusan pengadilan, termasuk Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2016 tentang Merek dan Indikasi Geografis serta prinsip-prinsip perlindungan merek terkenal dalam Konvensi Paris dan TRIPS Agreement. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rezim perlindungan merek di Indonesia berorientasi kuat pada prinsip first to file, sehingga pendaftaran nasional menjadi dasar utama pengakuan hak atas merek. Dalam perkara yang dianalisis, merek pakaian “Tik Tok” milik pihak lokal telah terdaftar jauh sebelum kehadiran TikTok Ltd. di Indonesia, sehingga klaim eksklusivitas berdasarkan reputasi internasional tidak dapat mengesampingkan hak pendaftaran yang lebih dahulu ada. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa reputasi global suatu merek tidak secara otomatis menjamin perlindungan hukum di Indonesia tanpa didukung oleh pendaftaran lokal yang tepat waktu serta pembuktian penggunaan dan pengenalan merek di pasar domestik, sekaligus menunjukkan perlunya harmonisasi penerapan norma internasional dengan kebijakan hukum merek nasional untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum bagi pemilik merek terkenal asing.
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