Implementasi Hukum Maritim Internasional dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Bisnis Pengusaha Kapal dan Anak Buah Kapal

Implementation of International Maritime Law in Resolving Business Disputes Between Shipowners and Seafarers

Abstract

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of international maritime law instruments in resolving business disputes between shipowners and seafarers (crew), while formulating a juridical solution model oriented toward legal protection and access to justice. The core problem lies in the ineffective implementation of the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC 2006) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) in cross-jurisdictional practice, which often results in the protection of seafarers’ rights remaining largely normative rather than operational. This research employs normative legal methodology using statutory and case approaches to examine the relationship between substantive maritime labour protection standards and the jurisdictional framework of flag states and port states. The findings reveal a structural gap between international legal norms and enforcement capacity, driven by weak flag state supervision, the prevalence of flags of convenience, disparities in national regulations, and limited access of seafarers to dispute resolution mechanisms. The study proposes an integrative model based on systemic integration between MLC 2006 and UNCLOS 1982 as a framework to strengthen multilayer enforcement and national regulatory harmonization. The novelty of this research lies in its analytical construction linking international legal instruments with the operational design of maritime business dispute resolution mechanisms.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai efektivitas implementasi instrumen hukum maritim internasional dalam penyelesaian sengketa bisnis antara pengusaha kapal dan Anak Buah Kapal (ABK), sekaligus merumuskan model solusi yuridis yang berorientasi pada perlindungan hukum dan access to justice. Permasalahan utama terletak pada ketidakefektifan penerapan Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC 2006) dan United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982) dalam praktik lintas yurisdiksi, yang menyebabkan perlindungan hak ABK sering berhenti pada tataran normatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus untuk menganalisis relasi antara standar perlindungan ketenagakerjaan maritim dan struktur yurisdiksi negara bendera serta negara pelabuhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara norma internasional dan kapasitas penegakan hukum, yang dipengaruhi oleh lemahnya pengawasan negara bendera, praktik flags of convenience, disparitas regulasi nasional, serta keterbatasan akses ABK terhadap mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa. Temuan ini menghasilkan model integratif berbasis systemic integration antara MLC 2006 dan UNCLOS 1982 sebagai kerangka penguatan multilayer enforcement dan harmonisasi kebijakan nasional. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada konstruksi analitis yang menghubungkan instrumen hukum internasional dengan desain mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa bisnis maritim secara operasional.