Common Language of New Era in Sport Clubs: Emojis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v13i1.2390Keywords:
Content Analysis, Social Media, Twitter, Sports Clubs, EmojiAbstract
Defined as an easy and automated way of expressing emotions in the digital age, emojis are emerging as a new language in the social media world and sports clubs also. For sports clubs, it is of vital importance to communicate and establish effective relations with fans or followers. Hence, almost all professional sports clubs use social media and shape their social media accounts to interact with fans/followers and effectively maintain marketing communication efforts. The aim of this study was to determine the content of emoji usage in tweets of Turkish sports clubs (Besiktas JK, Fenerbahce SK, Galatasaray SK, Istanbul BaÅŸakÅŸehir FK, Trabzonspor SK). Since Twitter is one of the most heavily used social media networks of sports clubs, so in this study was preferred. Content analysis method was used to examine emojis used by sports clubs. The study found that sports clubs use emojis that create positive and neutral connotations. Emojis used are heavily determined to be visuals depicting the colors and symbols of sports clubs. The study is the first to examine sports clubs' emojis used. Hence, the study included important results for the management of communication and marketing strategies of sports clubs on social media.Downloads
References
Abeza, G., O Reilly, N., Seguin, B., & Nzindukiyimana, O. (2017). Social media as a relationship marketing tool in professional sport: A netnographical exploration. International Journal of Sport Communication, 10(3), 325 358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0041
Alshenqeeti, H. (2016). Are emojis creating a new or old visual language for new generations? A socio-semiotic study. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 7(6), 56 69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.56
Barbieri, F., Ronzano, F., & Saggion, H. (2016). What does this emoji mean? A vector space skip-gram model for twitter emojis. In. In N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, T. Declerck, S. Goggi, M. Grobelnik, B. Maegaard, J. Mariani, H. Mazo, A. Moreno, J. Odijk, & S. Piperidis. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016) (pp. 3967 3972). European Language Resources Association. http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2016/summaries/735.html
Bauer, H., Barnes, S. J., Reichardt, T., & Neumann, M. . (2005). Driving consumer acceptance of mobile marketing: A theoretical framework and empirical study. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6(3), 181-192. http://directory.umm.ac.id/articles/Baueretal_MomMarketingConsumerAccept.pdf
Berard, B. (2018). I second that emoji: The standards, structures, and social production of emoji. First Monday, 23(9). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9381
Blagdon, J. (2013). How emoji conquered the World. Theverge. https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world
Blaszka, M. (2011). An xamination of sport consumers Twitter usage [Unpublished master of science dissertation] [Georgia State University]. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/kin_health_theses/1
Bosch Jover, O., & Revilla, M. A. (2018). The Use of Emojis by Millennials (No. 57; RECSM Working Paper). https://www.upf.edu/documents/3966940/6839730/Working+Paper_Emoji_Substantive.pdf/bbbf386b-864f-3116-b8fb-dece14760a45
Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: A meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524 538. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
Cincu, R. (2017). Emoticons: between Linguistic innovation and Symptom of the Posthuman Era. Journal of Media Research-Revista de Studii Media, 10(27), 88-95.
Cowie, R., Douglas-Cowie, E., Tsapatsoulis, N., Votsis, G., Kollias, S., Fellenz, W., & Taylor, J. G. (2001). Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 18, 32 80. https://doi.org/10.1109/79.911197.
Danesi, M. (2017). The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. Media and Communication, 5(4), 75. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i4.1041
Das, G., Wiener, H. J., & Kareklas, I. (2019). To emoji or not to emoji? Examining the influence of emoji on consumer reactions to advertising. Journal of Business Research, 96, 147-156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.11.007
Derbaix, C., & Decrop, A. (2011). Colours and scarves: an ethnographic account of football fans and their paraphernalia. Leisure Studies, 30(3), 271 291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2010.527356
Dima, T. (2015). Social media usage in European clubs football industry. Is digital reach better correlated with sports or financial performance? The Romanian Economic Journal, 18(55), 117 128. https://ideas.repec.org/a/rej/journl/v18y2015i55p117-128.html
Dimson, T. (2015). Emojineering Part 1: Machine Learning for Emoji Trends. Instagram Engineering. https://instagram-engineering.com/emojineering-part-1-machine-learning-for-emoji-trendsmachine-learning-for-emoji-trends-7f5f9cb979ad
Drapier, E. P., & Tezonarici, S. D. (2019). Analysis of Twitter behaviors of Portuguese and Turkish clubs [Molde University College]. https://himolde.brage.unit.no/himolde-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2620824/master_perdigao_drapieri.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Dresner, E., & Herring, S. C. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory, 20(3), 249-268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2010.01362.x
Dua, T. (2015). The emojification of brand advertising. Digiday. https://digiday.com/marketing/emojification-brand-advertising/
Emogi Research Team. (2016). Emoji Report. https://cdn.emogi.com/docs/reports/2016_emoji_report.pdf
Fahlman, S. E. (2002). Smiley Lore :-). Carnegie Mellon University. https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/sefSmiley.htm
Figge, S. (2004). Situation-dependent services-a challenge for mobile network operators. Journal of Business Research, 57(12), 1416 1422. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00431-9
Filo, K., Lock, D., & Karg, A. (2015). Sport and social media research: A review. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 166 181. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.001
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Ganster, T., Eimler, S. C., & Kraemer, N. C. (2012). Same same but different!? The differential influence of smiles and emoticons on person perception. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(4), 226 230. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0179.
Garris, M., & Mishra, K. (2014). A beginner s guide to mobile marketing. Business Expert Press.
Giannoulis, E., & Wilde, L. R. A. (2019). Emoticons, kaomoji, and emoji: The transformation of communication in the digital age (1st ed.). Routledge.
Gibbs, C., & Haynes, R. (2013). A phenomenological investigation into how Twitter has changed the nature of sport media relations. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(2), 188 213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2014-0005
Gibbs, C., O Reilly, N., & Brunette, M. (2014). Professional Team Sport and Twitter: Gratifications Sought and Obtained by Followers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(2), 188 213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2014-0005
Grewal, D., & Levy, M. (2019). Marketing. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Gr ¶nroos, C. (2004). The relationship marketing process: Communication, interaction, dialogue, value. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 19(2), 99 113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/08858620410523981
G ¼lÅŸen, T. T. (2016). You tell me in emojis. In T. Ogata & T. Akimoto (Eds.), Computational and Cognitive approaches to Narratology (pp. 354-375). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0432-0.ch014
Hambrick, M. E. (2012). Six degrees of information: Using social network analysis to explore the spread of information within sport social networks. International Journal of Sport Communication, 5(1), 16 34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.5.1.16
Highfield, T. (2018). Emoji hashtags//hashtag emoji: of platforms, visual affect, and discursive flexibility. First Monday, 23(9). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9398
Hill, J. H. (2016). The impact of emojis and emoticons on online consumer reviews, perceived company response quality, brand relationship, and purchase intent [Unpublished master of arts dissertation [University of South Florida]. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/6513
Hopkins, J. L. (2013). Engaging Australian rules football fans with social media: A case study. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 13(1/2), 104 121. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2013.055197
Hougaard, T. T., & Rathje, M. (2018). Emojis in the digital writings of young Danes. In A. Ziegler (Ed.), Jugendsprachen/Youth languages: Aktuelle perspektiven internationaler forschung/current perspectives of international research (pp. 773 806). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110472226
Jackson, D. (2015). How to Go Viral: 8 Steps to Reach a Massive Audience. Sproutsocial. https://sproutsocial.com/insights/how-to-go-viral/
Jaeger, S. R., & Ares, G. (2017). Dominant meanings of facial emoji: Insights from Chinese consumers and comparison with meanings from internet resources. Food Quality and Preference, 62, 275 283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.04.009
Jaeger, S. R., Vidal, L., Kam, K., & Ares, G. (2018). Can emoji be used as a direct method to measure emotional associations to food names? Preliminary investigations with consumers in USA and China. Food Quality and Preference, 68, 38 48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.09.005
Kaye., K. (2015). FORD, DOMINO S, DELL, OTHERS WORK TO TRANSLATE THE LANGUAGE OF EMOJIS. Advertising Age. https://adage.com/article/digital/marketers-work-translate-language-emojis/301064
Kolpe, R., & Burnett, M. (1991). Content analysis research: An examination of applications with directives for improving research reliability and objectivity. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(2), 243 250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/209256
Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3), 411 433. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x
Lefever, K. (2012). New Media and Sport. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-90-6704-873-6
Li, J., Longinos, G., Wilson, S., & Magdy, W. (2020). Emoji and Self-Identity in Twitter Bios. Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.nlpcss-1.22
Lin, K.-Y., & Lu, H.-P. (2011). Intention to Continue Using Facebook Fan Pages from the Perspective of Social Capital Theory. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(10). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0472
Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2006). Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliability. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 587 604. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x
M.Nisar, T., Prabhakar, G., & P.Patil, P. (2018). Sports clubs use of social media to increase spectator interest. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 188 195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.08.003
Manovich, L. (2001). The Language of New Media. The MIT Press.
Maree, T. (2017). The Social Media Use Integration Scale: Toward Reliability and Validity. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 33(12), 963 972. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2017.1301041
Marengo, D., Giannotta, F., & Settanni, M. (2017). Assessing personality using emoji: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 74 78. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.037
McBain, S. (2017). Happy face, sad face are emojis the nearest thing to a universal language? More people speak emoji than English. New Statesman. https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2017/09/happy-face-sad-face-are-emojis-nearest-thing-universal-language
Neuman, W. L. (2020). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (8th ed.). Pearson.
Nicholson, M., Kerr, A., & Sherwood, M. (2015). Sport and the Media: Managing the Nexus. (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Sport-and-the-Media-Managing-the-Nexus/Nicholson-Kerr-Sherwood/p/book/9780415839822
Novak, P. K., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & MozetiÄ, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. PLoS One, 1 22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296
O Shea;, M., & Alonso, A. D. (2011). Opportunity or obstacle? A preliminary study of professional sport organisations in the age of social media. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 10(3/4), 196 212. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2011.044790
Oelrichs, I. (2020). Adoption of Innovations in Digital Sports Journalism: The Use of Twitter by German Sports Journalists. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2167479520961786
Pavalanathan, U., & Eisenstein, J. (2016). More emojis, less :) The competition for paralinguistic function in microblog writing. First Monday, 21(11). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.6879
Pegoraro, A. (2010). Look Who s Talking €”Athletes on Twitter: A Case Study. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3, 501 514. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.4.501
Pohl, H., Domin, C., & Rohs, M. (2017). Beyond Just Text: Semantic Emoji Similarity Modeling to Support Expressive Communication ??? ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 24(1), 1 42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3039685
Poster, M. (2013). The Second Media Age. Polity. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/The+Second+Media+Age-p-9780745668239
Potter, W. J., & Levine €Donnerstein, D. (2009). Rethinking Validity and Reliability in Content Analysis. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 27(3), 258 284. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00909889909365539
Price, J., Farrington, N., & Hall, L. (2013). Changing the game? The impact of Twitter on relationships between football clubs, supporters and the sports media. Soccer & Society, 14(4), 446 461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.810431
Rezabek, L., & Cochenour, J. (1998). Visual Cues in Computer-Mediated Communication: Supplementing Text with Emoticons. Journal of Visual Literacy, 18(2), 201 215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.1998.11674539
Rodrigues, D., Prada, M., Gaspar, R., Garrido, M. V., & Lopes, D. (2018). Lisbon Emoji and Emoticon Database (LEED): Norms for emoji and emoticons in seven evaluative dimensions. Behav Res, 50(392 405). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0878-6
Selken, N. (2019). Emoji Dictionary. Moji Dictionary. https://emojidictionary.emojifoundation.com/
Siguencia, L. O., Marzano, D. H. G., & Rodak, P. (2017). The Role of Social Media in Sports Communication Management: An Analysis of Polish Top League Teams Strategy. Procedia Computer Science, 104, 73 80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.01.074
Stark, L., & Crawford, K. (2015). The Conservatism of Emoji: Work, Affect, and Communication. Sage Journals. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2056305115604853
Swaney-Stueve, M., Jepsen, T., & Deubler, G. (2018). The emoji scale: A facial scale for the 21st century. Food Quality and Preference, 68, 183 190. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.002
Tian, Y., Galery, T., Dulcinati, G., Molimpakis, E., & Sun, C. (2017). Facebook sentiment: Reactions and Emojis. In L.-W. Ku & C.-T. Li (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media. Association for Computational Linguistics. https://aclanthology.org/W17-1102
Tocci, R. J. ., Widmer, N., & Moss, G. (2007). Digital Systems: Principles and Applications (10th ed.). Pearson. https://www.pearson.com/uk/educators/higher-education-educators/program/Tocci-Digital-Systems-Principles-and-Applications-10th-Edition/PGM789304.html
Tweetfc. (2019). Tweetfc. Tweetfc. http://www.tweetsfc.com/stats/most-followed-football-teams-on-twitter
Wang, Y. (2021). Building relationships with fans: how sports organizations used twitter as a communication tool. Sport in Society, 24(7). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1725475
Wang, Y., & Zhou, S. (2015). How Do Sports Organizations Use Social Media to Build Relationships? A Content Analysis of NBA Clubs Twitter Use. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8(2), 133 148. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2014-0083
Watkins, B. A. (2013). Social media & sports: an evaluation of the influence of Twitter and mobile apps on brand-related consequences [University of Alabama]. https://ir.ua.edu/handle/123456789/1821
We are Social Inc. (2019). Digital 2019: Internet trends in 2019. Wearesocial. https://wearesocial.com/global-digital-report-2019
Weber, R. (1990). Basic Content Analysis (2nd ed.). SAGE researchmetode. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412983488
Williams, J., & Chinn, S. J. (2010). Meeting Relationship-Marketing Goals Through Social Media: A Conceptual Model for Sport Marketers. International Journal of Sport Communication, 3(4), 422 437. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.3.4.422
Winand, M., Belot, M., Merten, S., & Kolyperas, D. (2019). International Sport Federations Social Media Communication: A Content Analysis of FIFA s Twitter Account. International Journal of Sport Communication, 12(2), 209 233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2018-0173
Yengin, D. (2015). Yeni medyanın olanakları: Semantik Web. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication, 5(1), 44 53. http://tojdac.org/tojdac/VOLUME5-ISSUE1_files/tojdac_v05i104.pdf
Zanini, M. T., Moraes, F. C. de, Lima, V., Migueles, C., Lourenco, C., & Irigaray, H. A. R. (2019). Soccer and Twitter: virtual brand community engagement practices. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 37(7), 791 805. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-08-2018-0371
Zhou, R., Hentschel, J., & Kumar, N. (2017). Goodbye Text, Hello Emoji: Mobile Communication on WeChat in China. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 748 759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025800
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Form
The copyright to this article is transferred to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang if and when the article is accepted for publication. The undersigned hereby transfers any and all rights in and to the paper including without limitation all copyrights to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment.
We declare that:
1. This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
2. It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
3. A copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.
Furthermore, I/We hereby transfer the unlimited rights of publication of the above mentioned paper in whole to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang. The copyright transfer not covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions
1. Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
2. Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the work or derivative works for the authors personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
3. Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the Work in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.
