The Threat of Virality Manipulation in Social Media towards Deliberative Democracy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v16i2.7317Keywords:
Bots, Hijacking Democracy, Paying Buzzer, Social Media, Virality ManipulationAbstract
Introduction: The use of social media as a channel for political communication is becoming increasingly common in modern society. Some users seek virality to influence public opinion. Among them, some employ manipulative tactics to achieve virality, which can undermine deliberative democracy. Unfortunately, the impact of manipulative virality on deliberative democracy has not received sufficient attention. This study aims to describe how manipulative virality poses a threat to deliberative democracy. The researchers focus on five social media platforms--X, Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, and YouTube, because Indonesians widely use these for political communication. Methods: The researchers use a qualitative, exploratory approach, focusing on relevant documents using interpretive analysis and observation to study of X, Instagram, Facebook, TikTok, and YouTube. Findings: Research identifies four methods of manipulative virality that undermine deliberative democracy: using fake accounts, deploying bots, paying buzzers, and spreading hoaxes. These practices threaten and subvert deliberative democracy by creating false appearances of support, potentially distorting public opinion, misleading policymakers, and damaging society. Manipulative virality often benefits wealthy groups, as they can afford to pay buzzers and deploy bots, unlike poorer groups. Originality: This study explores the role of social media in public discourse to promote deliberative democracy. It offers novelty by presenting an in-depth analysis that digital media has the potential to undermine deliberative democracy due to the use of bots, fake accounts, and paid influencers. The findings emphasize the importance of preserving authentic public dialogue while addressing unethical practices that manipulate social media for personal or political gain.References
Abdulai, A.-F., Tiffere, A.-H., Adam, F., & Kabanunye, M. M. (2021). Covid-19 information-related digital literacy among online health consumers in a low-income country. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 145, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104322
Abdullah, N. N., & Abdul Rahman, M. F. (2017). The Use of Deliberative Democracy in Public Policy Making Process. SSRN Electronic Journal, 5(3), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2769105
Abdullah, R. N., & Azman, M. N. A. (2019). Viral in Social Media: the Viralor and the Viralee. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 23(4), 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i4/pr190434
Abid, R., Rizwan, M., Veselý, P., Basharat, A., Tariq, U., & Javed, A. R. (2022). Social Networking Security during Covid-19: A Systematic Literature Review. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2975033
Afriyadi, A. D. (2019). Modal Bisnis Buzzer: Ribuan Akun Palsu buat Giring Isyu. Detik Fincance.
Al-Rawi, A. (2019). Viral News on Social Media. Digital Journalism, 7(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1387062
Alhoussawi, H. (2023). Perspectives on Research Paradigms: A Guide for Education Researchers. International Research in Education, 11(2), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.5296/ire.v11i2.21445
Appel, M., & Prietzel, F. (2022). The detection of political deepfakes. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 27(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmac008
Apuke, O. D., & Omar, B. (2021). Fake news and Covid-19: modelling the predictors of fake news sharing among social media users. Telematics and Informatics 56, 101475, 1–17.
Aroja-Martin, J.-B., Mendiz-Noguero, A., & Victoria-Mas, J.-S. (2020). Virality as a paradigm of digital communication: Review of the concept and update of the theoritical framework. Profesional de La Informacion, v(29), e290607.
Aubert, I. (2021). Social inclusion, a challenge for deliberative democracy? Some reflections on Habermas’s political theory. European Journal of Social Theory, 24(4), 448–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431020983781
Balakrishnan, V., Ng, W. Z., Soo, M. C., Han, G. J., & Lee, C. J. (2022). Infodemic and fake news - A comprehensive overview of its global magnitude during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2021: A scoping review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction : IJDRR, 78(December 2021), 103144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103144
Balyer, A., & Tabancali, E. (2019). The roles of interest and pressure groups in developing sustainable educational policies in Turkey. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(24), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247052
BBC News Indonesia. (2024). “Aniesbubble” ramaikan kampanye - Sebesar apa kekuatan fandom K-pop dalam membuat gerakan politik. BBC News Indonesia, 1–17. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/clme51pe842o
Becker, P., & Raveloson, J.-A. A. (2011). O Quê É Democracia? In Frederich Ebert Stiftung (Vol. 36, Issue 106). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-4014.2022.36106.001
Berg, M., & Lidskog, R. (2018). Deliberative democracy meets democratised science: a deliberative systems approach to global environmental governance. Environmental Politics, 27(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1371919
Berger, J., & Milkman, K. L. (2012). What makes online content viral? Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.10.0353
Boppolige, A. A., & Gurtoo, A. (2017). What Determines Viral Phenomenon? Views, Comments and Growth Indicators of TED Talk Videos. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 8(2), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijtef.2017.8.2.544
Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2019). The Global Disinformation Order: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. In Comprop.
Chen, Q., Chan, K. L., & Cheung, A. S. Y. (2018). Doxing victimization and emotional problems among secondary school students in Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122665
Chrisendo M.S., L. (2023). Analisis Yuridis Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Tindak Pidana Penipuan dengan Modus Lowongan Kerja Melalui Media Sosial Berdasarkan Hukum Positif di Indonesia. COMSERVA : Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Masyarakat, 2(12), 3195–3218. https://doi.org/10.59141/comserva.v2i12.707
Cillizza, C. (2016). Hillary Clinton’s health just became a real issue in the presidential campaign. The Washington Post, 2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/11/hillary-clintons-health-just-became-a-real-issue-in-the-presidential-campaign/?utm_term=.61b50766a0c5
Cini, L., & Felicetti, A. (2018). Participatory deliberative democracy: toward a new standard for assessing democracy? some insights into the Italian case. Contemporary Italian Politics, 10(2), 151–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2018.1477239
Dasari, S., & Anandakrishnan, B. (2010). Viral Marketing of Retail Products: A Study on the Influence of Attributes of Web Portals and Incentives Offered on User Registrations. The IUP Journal of Marketing Management, IX(1 and 2), 99–110.
Denisova, A. (2020). How to define “viral” for media studies? Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture, 15(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.16997/WPCC.375
Detikfinance. (2024). 10 Youtuber Terkaya di Indonesia 2024 , Ada yang Penghasilannya Capai Miliaran. DetikCom, 1–6.
Dewi, A. S., Fitriani, E., & Amelia, L. (2022). Modal Sosial Tradisi Rewang pada Masyarakat Jawa Desa Beringin Talang Muandau Riau. Culture & Society: Journal Of Anthropological Research, 4(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.24036/csjar.v4i1.102
Dewi, R. K. (2022). Kronologi Pembunuhan Brigadir J, Kapolri: Penembakan atas Perintah Ferdy Sambo. Kompas.
Douglas, D. M. (2016). Doxing: a conceptual analysis. Ethics and Information Technology, 18(3), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-016-9406-0
Erwin, E., Suade, Y. K. M., & Alam, N. (2023). Social Media Micro-enterprise: Utilizing Social Media Influencers, Marketing Contents and Viral Marketing Campaigns to Increase Customer Engagement. In International Conference of Economics, Business, and Entrepreneur (ICEBE 2022) (Vol. 1). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-064-0
ES, E. (2024). Wow Film Dirty Vote Trending Topic Youtube dan Twitter. IdeJabar, September, 9–12.
Ethelda, V. R., Yusuf, D., Hanun, S. S., & Sewaka. (2022). Tinjauan literatur viral marketing. Jurnal Economina, 1(4), 938–944.
Farisa, F. C. (2024). Kronologi Terungkapnya Hoaks 7 Kontainer Surat Suara Tercoblos. Kompas.
Fastwork. (2024). Jasa Tambah Followers Twitter Indonesia Aktif , Tertarget dan Murah Kategori yang terkait dengan Jasa Tambah Followers Twitter Indonesia Aktif , Tertarget dan Murah.
Fatkhullah, F. K., Nur, T., & Darsa, U. A. (2018). The Reception of Dajal Story in the Saifu Ad-Dharib. Humanus, 17(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v17i1.8779
Fatmala, D. R., Amelia, A., & Trianingsih, F. A. (2020). Penggunaan Akun Bot Media Sosial untuk Mempengaruhi Opini Publik : Sebuah Tinjauan Hukum di Indonesia. Ajudikasi : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 4(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v4i1.2210
Forestal, J. (2023). Social Media, Social Control, and the Politics of Public Shaming. American Political Science Review, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055423001053
Fransisco, W. (2021). Legal Consequences for Political Buzzers in Indonesia. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 04(02), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i2-15
Fredheim, R., Bay, S., Dek, A., Dek, I., & North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. (2020). Social media manipulation 2020 : how social media companies are failing to combat inauthentic behaviour online.
Gabriela, N. (2015). Pressure Groups Psychology in a Democratic State. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205(May), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.011
Ganji, N., & Ashtarian, K. (2019). Comparative Public Policy and Religious Pressure Groups in Turkey and Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Politics, 1(1), 99–116.
Grecya, E., & Yahya, I. E. (2022). Improving Civic Engagement through “No Viral No Justice” Phenomenon. Journal Civics and Social Studies, 6(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.31980/civicos.v6i1.1629
Handini, V. A., & Dunan, A. (2019). Buzzer as The Driving Force for Buzz Marketing on Twitter in the 2019 Indonesian Prsidential Election. International Journal of Science, Technology and Science.
Hardiantoro, A. (2022). Unggahan Viral Aksi Pelecehan Seksual di KRL, Ini Kronologi dan Respons KCI. Kompas.
Herco Digital. (2024). Kami Mewujudkan Pertumbuhan Social Media an Amazing Social Media Impact Corporate Communication Officer of PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur.
Huda, L. (2023). Kronologi Pengendara Berpelat Dinas Polri Aniaya dan Todongkan Pistol ke Sopir Taksi "Online": Tak Terima Disalip. Kompas.
Iradat, D. (2023). Gibran Jadi Trending Topic di Twitter Saat Debat, Berikut Alasannya. Cnn, 1–6. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/teknologi/20240123172617-192-1053385/gibran-jadi-trending-topic-di-twitter-saat-debat-berikut-alasannya/amp
Jasa All Sosmed. (2024). Jasa Peningkatan Likes dan Autolike Instagram.
Juliadi, R. (2017). The Construction of Buzzer Identity on Social Media (A Descriptive Study of Buzzer Identity in Twitter). Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Transformation in Communications 2017 (IcoTiC 2017), 150(ICoTiC 2017), 337–334.
Kabha, R., Kamel, A. M., Elbahi, M., Hafiz, A. M. D., & Dafri, W. (2020). Impact of Fake News and Myths Related To Covid-19. Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 12(December), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.12.20/25
Kareem, R., & Bhaya, W. (2018). Fake Profiles Types of Online Social Networks: A Survey. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.19), 919–925. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.19.28071
Kitchgaessner, S. (2017). Cambridge Analytica used data from Facebook and Politico to help Trump. 2017, October 2016, 1–8. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/26/cambridge-analytica-used-data-from-facebook-and-politico-to-help-trump
Kleinman, Z. (2023). Twitter gives fake Disney account verified status. BBC News, 8, 11–13. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65374723
Lagadec, G. (2014). Optimal Endogenous Tariffs with Implicit Campaign Contributions. Theoretical Economics Letters, 04(04), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2014.44040
Lim, A. J., Tan, E., & Lim, T. (2021). Infodemic: the effect of death-related thoughts on news-sharing. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00306-0
Maiwan, M. (2016). Kelompok Kepentingan (Interest Group), Kekuasaan Dan Kedudukannya Dalam Sistem Politik. Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi, 15(2), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v15i2.8815
Martini, M. (2012). Influence of interest groups on policy-making. U4 Expert Answer, 335(June), 1–9.
Media Indonesia. (2024). Twitter Beri Centang Biru ke Akun Palsu Disney. Media Indonesia, 1–11.
Meinarni, N. P. S., & Iswara, I. B. A. I. (2018). Hoax and its Mechanism in Indonesia. 2nd International Conference of Communication Science Research (ICCSR 2018), 165(Iccsr), 183–186. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccsr-18.2018.39
Mulyono, B., Affandi, I., Suryadi, K., & Darmawan, C. (2022). Online civic engagement: Fostering citizen engagement through social media. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 19(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.21831/jc.v19i1.49723
Mustika, R. (2019). Pergeseran Peran Buzzer ke Dunia Politik di Media Sosial. Diakom : Jurnal Media Dan Komunikasi, 2(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.17933/diakom.v2i2.60
Nabilah, F. S., Wiguna, J., Malafitri, N., & Zuhri, S. (2022). Optimalisasi Instagram @Siapdarling Sebagai Media Komunikasi Sosial Pembangunan Untuk Mengkampanyekan Generasi Muda Sadar Lingkungan. Jurnal Ilmiah Komunikasi Makna, 10(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.30659/jikm.v10i1.18511
Nasir, N. M., Baequni, B., & Nurmansyah, M. I. (2020). Misinformation Related To Covid-19 in Indonesia. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 8(2), 51. https://doi.org/10.20473/jaki.v8i2.2020.51-59
Nelson-Field, K., Riebe, E., & Newstead, K. (2013). The emotions that drive viral video. Australasian Marketing Journal, 21(4), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2013.07.003
Nitzgen, D. (2013). Free Association, Group Association and Group Dialogue. Group Analysis, 46(2), 144–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0533316413484125
Nuzirwan, I., & Sukandar, R. (2021). The Impact of Hoaxes to the Business of Information Technology Companies in Indonesia. Journal of Communication & Public Relations, 1(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.37535/105001120215
OECD. (2020). Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave.
Orabi, M., Mouheb, D., Al Aghbari, Z., & Kamel, I. (2020). Detection of Bots in Social Media: A Systematic Review. Information Processing and Management, 57(4), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102250
OUP. (2023). Oxford Dictionary. In Oxford University Press (Vol. 48, Issue 27). Oxford University Press.
Pastor-Galindo, J., Zago, M., Nespoli, P., López Bernal, S., Huertas Celdrán, A., Gil Pérez, M., Ruipérez-Valiente, J. A., Martínez Pérez, G., & Gómez Mármol, F. (2021). A Review of Spotting political social bots in Twitter: A use case of the 2019 Spanish general election. Colección Jornadas Y Congresos, June, 103–105. https://doi.org/10.18239/jornadas_2021.34.20
Pavitt, C., & Johnson, K. K. (2001). The association between group procedural MOPs and group discussion procedure. Small Group Research, 32(5), 595–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/104649640103200505
Permatasari, P. A., Linawati, L., & Jasa, L. (2021). Survei Tentang Analisis Sentimen Pada Media Sosial. Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro, 20(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.24843/mite.2021.v20i02.p01
Powell, A. (2015). Seeking rape justice: Formal and informal responses to sexual violence through technosocial counter-publics. Theoretical Criminology, 19(4), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615576271
Prasongko, D., & Chairunisa, N. (2018). Begini Kronologi Kasus Hoax Ratna Sarumpaet. Nasional.Tempo, 1.
Puriwat, W., & Tripopsakul, S. (2021). The role of viral marketing in social media on brand recognition and preference. Emerging Science Journal, 5(6), 855–867. https://doi.org/10.28991/esj-2021-01315
Putri, D. L. (2023). Fakta dan Kronologi Penganiayaan Anak Pengurus GP Ansor Berdasarkan Rekonstruksi. Kompas.
Putri, D. L., & Kurniawan, R. F. (2022). Twitter Akan Luncurkan 3 Warna Centang Verifikasi Baru , Apa Bedanya ? Kompas.Com, 1–8.
Putri, D. L., & Pratiwi, I. E. (2023). Siapa Bima Yudho TikToker yang Sebut Lampung Tidak Maju-maju? Https://Www.Kompas.Com, 1–8. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2023/04/16/113000565/siapa-bima-yudho-tiktoker-yang-sebut-lampung-tidak-maju-maju-?page=all
Rahmawati, D., Mulyana, D., Lumakto, G., Viendyasari, M., & Anindhita, W. (2021). Mapping Disinformation During the Covid-19 in Indonesia: Qualitative Content Analysis. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 6(2), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v6i2.907
Raihani, R. (2012). Islamic Schools and Social Justice in Indonesia: A Student Perspective. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 50(2), 279–301. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.502.279-301
Raja Komen. (2024). Jasa Pemberian Komen di Media Sosial. https://www.eramuslim.com/info/tentang-kami
Rimenda, T., Warsini, S., & Mirati, R. E. (2019). The Influence of Electronic Word of Mouth (E-WOM) Promotion of Student Interest in Buying Shares: Study on PNJ Inversment Galleries. Account, 6(1), 957–961.
Rudat, A., & Buder, J. (2015). Making retweeting social: The influence of content and context information on sharing news in Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 46, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.005
Rustiani, R. (2021). Mengantisipasi Fenomena Hoaks bagi Pendidik dengan Mengembangkan Rasionalisme Kritis. Mindset : Jurnal Pemikiran Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(2), 35–40. https://doi.org/10.56393/mindset.v1i2.427
Sarumaha, M. T., Sariyatun, & Susanto. (2022). … Urgethe Urgency of Historic Digital Literacy As an Effort To Build Students Historical Awarenessncy of Historic Digital Literacy …. 2nd International Conference on Media And Communication Surabaya, 43–52.
Scudder, M. F. (2021). Deliberative Democracy, More than Deliberation. Political Studies, 7(1), 238–255. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217211032624
Sembiring, K. (2023). Program Ganjar-Mahfud Jadi Trending Topic Twitter. Sindonews, 1–13.
Shao, C., Ciampaglia, G. L., Varol, O., Yang, K. C., Flammini, A., & Menczer, F. (2018). The spread of low-credibility content by social bots. Nature Communications, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7
Sharma, R. R., & Kaur, B. (2020). E-mail viral marketing: modeling the determinants of creation of “viral infection.” Management Decision, 58(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-03-2017-0215
Singh, K., Lima, G., Cha, M., Cha, C., Kulshrestha, J., Ahn, Y. Y., & Varol, O. (2022). Misinformation, believability, and vaccine acceptance over 40 countries: Takeaways from the initial phase of the COVID-19 infodemic. PLoS ONE, 17(2 February), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263381
Singh, S. (2015). Political Development and Pressure Groups: Revisiting their Theoretical Underpinnings. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 61(3), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019556120150317
Soundararaj, J. J., Baskaran, A., & Sivaprakkash, S. (2015). The Power of Buzz Marketing. Journal of Exclusive Management Science, 4(3), 1–13.
Syam, H. M., & Nurrahmi, F. (2020). “I Don’t Know If It Is Fake or Real News” How Little Indonesian University Students Understand Social Media Literacy. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(2), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2020-3602-06
Triono, A., Saputra, R. A., & Refsi, B. (2022). The “ No Viral No Justice ” Paradigm In Getting Access To Justice In Indonesian Community. 27(8), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2708035055
Voitovych, O., Leonid Kupershtein, L., Kupershtein, L., & Holovenko, V. (2022). Detection of Fake Accounts in Social Media. Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique, 2(18), 86–98. https://doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2022.18.8698
Wanda, P., Hiswati, M. E., Diqi, M., & Herlinda, R. (2021). Re-Fake: Klasifikasi Akun Palsu di Sosial Media Online menggunakan Algoritma RNN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains Teknologi Dan Inovasi Indonesia (SENASTINDO), 3(November), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.54706/senastindo.v3.2021.139
Wani Ahmad, M., Ahmad Sofi, M., & Yousuf Wani, S. (2017). Why Fake Profiles: A study of Anomalous users in different categories of Online Social Networks. International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research, 4(9), 320–329.
White, S. K. (2022). Agonism, Democracy, and the Moral Equality of Voice. Political Theory, 50(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591721993862
Widyatama, R., & Mahbob, M. H. (2024). The Potential Hazards of Fake Accounts and Buzzer Behaviour on Deliberative Democracy. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 40(1), 324–341. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2024-4001-18
Wong, K. J. (2017). Influences of viral marketing in social networking sites on consumerism. Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia, 19(1), 89–104.
Yuliahsari, D. (2016). Pemanfaatan Twitter Buzzer Untuk Meningkatkan Partisipasi Pemilih Muda dalam Pemilihan Umum. Jurnal The Messenger, 7(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v7i1.288
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Form
The copyright to this article is transferred to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang if and when the article is accepted for publication. The undersigned hereby transfers any and all rights in and to the paper including without limitation all copyrights to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment.
We declare that:
1. This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
2. It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
3. A copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.
Furthermore, I/We hereby transfer the unlimited rights of publication of the above mentioned paper in whole to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang. The copyright transfer not covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions
1. Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
2. Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the work or derivative works for the authors personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
3. Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the Work in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.
