One Government One Voice? Government Narrative in Crisis Communication during the Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/themessenger.v15i2.5895Keywords:
Government Public Relations, Crisis Communication, Narrative, Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication, WebsiteAbstract
Introduction: Government public relations ideally conveys policies and regulations in an integrated manner (one government one voice), but in reality there is often different and contradictory information in each government institution, thus confusing the public and hindering the handling of the pandemic. This research answers the question of how the crisis narrative is built by 5 (five) central government institutions in Indonesia through their official websites, whether the narrative tends to be integrated or vice versa. Methods: The method used in this study is qualitative content analysis where the author collects all news materials on 5 (five) official websites of government agencies, namely: the Covid-19 Task Force, the Ministry of Information and Communication, the Ministry of Health, the Cabinet Secretariat and the State Secretariat, in March-August 2020. Findings: Data were analyzed based on the principles of crisis and emergency risk communication (CERC) as a reference for coherence (integration) of narratives between institutions. The results of the study indicate that CERC principles are used comprehensively by the five institutions studied. In general, the narratives built by the five institutions tend to be integrated on the issues: (1) the narrative of the initial responding; (2) the narrative of handling and controlling; (3) the narrative of helping and caring; (4) the narrative of regulating and advising. Originality: The study has novelty in the application of crisis communication based on the CERC principles of the Covid-19 pandemic which is viewed comparatively in the narratives of 5 (five) Indonesian government institutions.Downloads
References
Abed, L.G. (2021). COVID-19 Misinformation on Social Media: A Study of the Understanding, Attitudes and Behaviors of Social Media Users. International Journal on Social and Educational Sciences, 3 (4), 768–788. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.273
Al-Fikri, FF, Nugroho, RA, & Sudarmo. (2021). Evaluation of implementation about Covid-19 medical waste management policies in health care facilities. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 905 (1), 012124. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/905/1/012124
Ayuningtyas, D., Haq, HU, Utami, RRM, & Susilia, S. (2021). Requestioning the Indonesian Government's Public Policy Response to the Covid- 19 Pandemic: Black Box Analysis for the Period of January–July 2020. Frontiers in Public Health, 9 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.612994
Budiono, A., Ngestiningrum, AH, Nurani, S., Rizka, R., Nurhayati, N., Sari, SD, Muhammadi, F., & Jayanuarto, R. (2022). Large-scale Social Restrictions and Public Community Activity Restriction Legal Policy to Decrease Covid-19 Infections Effectiveness to Handle Covid-19 Pandemic. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10 (A), 176–180. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8325
CDC. (2018a). CERC Manual. https://www.cdc.gov/orr/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/orr/index.htm
CDC. (2018b). Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication. https://emergency.cdc.gov/cerc/
CDCM. (2020). Covid-19 operation procedures for CDCM shared experimental facilities. https://mrsec.utexas.edu/Covid-19-operation-procedures-cdcm-shared-experimental-facilities
Charoensukmongkol, P., & Phungsoonthorn, T. (2022). The Interaction Effect of Crisis Communication and Social Support on the Emotional Exhaustion of University Employees during the Covid-19 Crisis. International Journal of Business Communication, 59 (2), 269–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420953188
Chon, M.-G., & Kim, S. (2022). Dealing with the Covid-19 crisis: Theoretical application of social media analytics in government crisis management. Public Relations Review, 48 (3), 102201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2022.102201
Del Rosario, PJB, Ofilada, FM, & Vicente, RAD (2021). Comparative study on Vietnam's and Philippines' Covid-19 response using historical institutionalism. International Journal of Health Governance, 26 (4), 418–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-03-2021-0027
Fischhoff, B. (2020). Making Decisions in a Covid-19 World. JAMA, 324 (2), 139. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.10178
Fitria, L., & Ifdil, I. (2020). Adolescent anxiety during the Covid-19pandemic. EDUCATIO Journal: Indonesian Education Journal, 6 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.29210/120202592
Gibbs, G. (2007). Analyzing Qualitative Data. SAGE Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849208574
Giorbiano, M.I. (2020). BREAKING: Jokowi announces Indonesia's first two confirmed Covid-19 cases. https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/03/02/breaking-jokowi-announces-indonesias-first-two-confirmed-Covid-19-cases.html
Glik, D. C. (2007). Risk Communication for Public Health Emergencies. Annual Review of Public Health, 28 (1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144123
Guven, M., Cetinguc, B., Guloglu, B., & Calisir, F. (2022). The effects of daily growth in COVID-19deaths, cases, and governments' response policies on stock markets of emerging economies. Research in International Business and Finance, 61 , 101659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2022.101659
Hadi, F., & Gandryani, F. (2022). Failure of Covid-19 Handling Regulations in Indonesia. Constitutional Journal, 19 (1), 023. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1912
Heldman, A. B., Schindelar, J., & Weaver, J. B. (2013). Social Media Engagement and Public Health Communication: Implications for Public Health Organizations Being Truly “Social.” Public Health Reviews, 35 (1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03391698
Henderson, J., Ward, P.R., Tonkin, E., Meyer, S.B., Pillen, H., McCullum, D., Toson, B., Webb, T., Coveney, J., & Wilson, A. (2020). Developing and Maintaining Public Trust During and Post-COVID-19: Can We Apply a Model Developed for Responding to Food Scares? Frontiers in Public Health, 8 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00369
Henry, B. (2018). Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Communications strategy. Canadian Communicable Disease Reports, 44 (5), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v44i05a03
Idris, I.K., Jalli, N., & Mohamed Salleh, S. (2022). Blaming Others: Stigmas Related to COVID-19Pandemic in Indonesia and Malaysia. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 38 (4), 338–354. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2022-3804-19
Jatmika, S., Permana, I., Koko, OR, & Salsabila, AA (2021). Good governance of health diplomacy: A new agenda of politics studies in Indonesia post Covid-19[Buena gobernanza de la diplomacia sanitaria: Una nueva agenda de estudios políticos en Indonesia después del Covid-19]. Sociologia y Tecnociencia, 11 (2), 215–242. https://doi.org/10.24197/st.2.2021.215-242
Jin, Y. (2009). The effects of public's cognitive appraisal of emotions in crises on crisis coping and strategy assessment. Public Relations Review, 35 (3), 310–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.02.003
Lachlan, K.A., Spence, P.R., Lin, X., Najarian, K., & Del Greco, M. (2016). Social media and crisis management: CERC, search strategies, and Twitter content. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.027
MacKay, M., Colangeli, T., Thaivalappil, A., Del Bianco, A., McWhirter, J., & Papadopoulos, A. (2022). A Review and Analysis of the Literature on Public Health Emergency Communication Practices. Journal of Community Health, 47 (1), 150–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-01032-w
Majumdar, P., Gupta, S.D., Sharma, N., & Mangal, D.K. (2022). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Public Health Professionals towards COVID-19in India. Journal of Health Management, 24 (4), 635–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634221128396
Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative Content Analysis: Theoretical Foundations, Basic Procedures and Software Solutions. SSOAR.
Mayring, P. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundations, basic procedures and software solutions. Klagenfurt. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173
Nugraheny, DE (2020). Government Launches Official Covid-19Handling Website for the Public. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/03/18/13095321/pemerintah-luncurkan-situs-resmi-penanganan-Covid- 19-for-society
Ogbodo, JN, Onwe, EC, Chukwu, J., Nwasum, CJ, Nwakpu, ES, Nwankwo, SU, Nwamini, S., Elem, S., & Iroabuchi Ogbaeja, N. (2020). Communicating health crisis: a content analysis of global media framing of COVID-19. Health Promotion Perspectives, 10 (3), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.34172/hpp.2020.40
Oktawirawan, DH (2020). Factors Triggering Student Anxiety in Conducting Online Learning During the Covid-19Pandemic. Scientific Journal of Batanghari Jambi University, 20 (2), 541. https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v20i2.932
Olariu, I., & Nichifor, B. (2015). A conceptual approach on press conference, Studies and Scientific Research. STUDIES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. ECONOMICS EDITION, 21 . https://doi.org/10.29358/sceco.v0i21.317
Paek, H.-J., & Hove, T. (2019). Effective strategies for responding to rumors about risks: The case of radiation-contaminated food in South Korea. Public Relations Review, 45 (3), 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.02.006
Reyes Bernard, N., Basit, A., Sofija, E., Phung, H., Lee, J., Rutherford, S., Sebar, B., Harris, N., Phung, D., & Wiseman, N . (2021). Analysis of crisis communication by the Prime Minister of Australia during the COVID-19pandemic. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 62, 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2021.102375
Riyanto, WF, Saefudin, S., & Suryo, HD (2022). Transdisciplinary Policy in Handling Covid-19 in Indonesia: A Comparative Study on the Thought of Kuntowijoyo, M. Amin Abdullah and Yudian Wahyudi. Journal of Islamic Creed & Thought, 173–220. https://doi.org/10.22452/afkar.sp2022no1.6
Saputri, AD, & Arini, HM (2022). Exploring Covid-19 Survivor Perception Toward Government's Policies in Responding to Covid-19. 2022 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) , 453–460. https://doi.org/10.1109/WSC57314.2022.10015410
Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice . SAGE Publications Ltd.
Seeger, M. W. (2006). Best Practices in Crisis Communication: An Expert Panel Process. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34 (3), 232–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909880600769944
Singh, G. K., Rego, J., Chambers, S., & Fox, J. (2022). Health Professionals' Perspectives of the Role of Palliative Care During COVID-19: Content Analysis of Articles and Blogs Posted on Twitter. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®, 39 (4), 487–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091211024202
Suardana, G., & Widhiasthini, NW (2022). Compliant and Indifferent: Public Response to Bali Provincial Government's Covid-19 Handling Policy Communication. Journal of Bali Studies, 12 (2), 553. https ://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2022.v12.i02.p12
Tomkins, L. (2020). Where is Boris Johnson? When and why it matters that leaders show up in a crisis. Leadership, 16 (3), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715020919657
Tri Sakti, AM, Mohamad, E., & Azlan, AA (2021). Mining of Opinions on Covid-19 Large-Scale Social Restrictions in Indonesia: Public Sentiment and Emotion Analysis on Online Media. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23 (8), e28249. https://doi.org/10.2196/28249
Vaughan, E., & Tinker, T. (2009). Effective Health Risk Communication About Pandemic Influenza for Vulnerable Populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99 (S2), S324–S332. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.162537
Vibriyanti, D. (2020). Community Mental Health: Managing Anxiety In The Midst Of The Covid-19 Pandemic. Indonesian Journal of Population, 69. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v0i0.550
WHO. (2020). Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public?adgroupsurvey={adgroupsurvey}&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA0MG5BhD1ARIsAEcZtwStr0v9eoIeMk_lF0k3T1ZBLQ0ZcZJdar2mGbKB-iFnp8Wy5rB tEtgaAjmnEALw_wcB
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright Transfer Form
The copyright to this article is transferred to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang if and when the article is accepted for publication. The undersigned hereby transfers any and all rights in and to the paper including without limitation all copyrights to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that the paper is original and that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to make and execute this assignment.
We declare that:
1. This paper has not been published in the same form elsewhere.
2. It will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
3. A copyright permission is obtained for materials published elsewhere and which require this permission for reproduction.
Furthermore, I/We hereby transfer the unlimited rights of publication of the above mentioned paper in whole to the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang. The copyright transfer not covers the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, translations, photographic reproductions, microform, electronic form (offline, online) or any other reproductions of similar nature.
The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all co-authors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who have obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.
Retained Rights/Terms and Conditions
1. Authors retain all proprietary rights in any process, procedure, or article of manufacture described in the Work.
2. Authors may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the work or derivative works for the authors personal use or for company use, provided that the source and the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang copyright notice are indicated, the copies are not used in any way that implies the Department of Communication, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication, Universitas Semarang endorsement of a product or service of any employer, and the copies themselves are not offered for sale.
3. Although authors are permitted to re-use all or portions of the Work in other works, this does not include granting third-party requests for reprinting, republishing, or other types of re-use.
