Rekonstruksi Asas Iktikad Baik dalam Alokasi Risiko Kontrak Energi

Abstract

This study aims to reconstruct the principle of good faith as an equitable risk-allocation mechanism in energy contracts involving Electricity Sellers, Electricity Buyers, and Gas Suppliers. The urgency of this research stems from the persistence of trapped risk within Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Gas Supply Agreements (GSAs), where Electricity Sellers bear the consequences of gas supply disruptions beyond their control. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches analyzed through a qualitative-prescriptive framework. The findings reveal that the existing risk-allocation model fails to reflect contractual fairness because it is inconsistent with the risk follow control principle, while the application of force majeure remains confined to the doctrine of legal impossibility and inadequately addresses commercial impracticability. The novelty of this research lies in the doctrinal reconstruction of the good faith principle into a risk-follow-control-based framework implemented through deemed availability relief, incremental fuel cost pass-through, contractual rebalancing, and loss-sharing mechanisms. This framework strengthens legal certainty, commercial fairness, project bankability, and the sustainability of the energy transition toward Net Zero Emissions (NZE).

Penelitian ini bertujuan merekonstruksi asas iktikad baik sebagai instrumen alokasi risiko yang berkeadilan dalam kontrak energi antara Penjual Jasa Listrik (PJL), Pembeli Listrik (PBL), dan Penyedia Gas (PSG). Urgensi penelitian berangkat dari praktik alokasi risiko dalam Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) dan Gas Supply Agreement (GSA) yang masih menimbulkan trapped risk, yaitu pembebanan risiko gangguan pasokan gas kepada PJL meskipun berada di luar kendalinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan komparatif yang dianalisis secara kualitatif-preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model alokasi risiko saat ini belum mencerminkan keadilan kontraktual karena tidak selaras dengan prinsip pengendalian risiko (risk follow control), sementara penerapan klausul force majeure masih berorientasi pada legal impossibility dan belum mengakomodasi commercial impracticability. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada rekonstruksi doktrinal asas iktikad baik menjadi prinsip alokasi risiko berbasis risk follow control melalui mekanisme deemed availability relief, incremental fuel cost pass-through, contractual rebalancing, dan loss sharing. Rekonstruksi ini berkontribusi dalam memperkuat kepastian hukum, keadilan komersial, bankability proyek, dan keberlanjutan transisi energi menuju Net Zero Emissions (NZE).