Konstruksi Hubungan Hukum dalam Kontrak Elektronik Ojek Online dan Perlindungan Konsumen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v9i3.14255Keywords:
Kontrak Elektronik, Ojek Online, Perlindungan Konsumen, Produk DigitalAbstract
This study analyzes the legal relationship construction in online motorcycle taxi electronic contracts and the conformity of liability limitation clauses with Consumer Protection Law. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The findings reveal that electronic contracts in online transportation platforms formally fulfill the validity requirements of agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code and are recognized under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. However, liability limitation clauses in standard contracts tend to transfer risks to consumers and driver-partners. Such clauses contradict Article 18 of the Consumer Protection Law because they limit business liability and reduce consumers’ rights to compensation. The study further finds that digital platforms cannot merely be regarded as intermediaries, as they exercise substantial control over transactions, pricing systems, payment mechanisms, and dispute resolution. The novelty of this research lies in its analysis of the tripartite legal relationship between platforms, driver-partners, and consumers through a function-based and control-based approach in attributing legal responsibility. The study emphasizes the importance of fair consumer protection within the digital ecosystem.
Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konstruksi hubungan hukum dalam kontrak elektronik layanan ojek online serta kesesuaian klausula pembatasan tanggung jawab dengan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontrak elektronik pada platform ojek online secara formal memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian berdasarkan KUHPerdata dan diakui melalui UU ITE. Namun, praktik klausula pembatasan tanggung jawab dalam kontrak baku cenderung mengalihkan risiko kepada konsumen dan mitra pengemudi. Klausula tersebut bertentangan dengan Pasal 18 Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen karena membatasi tanggung jawab pelaku usaha dan mengurangi hak konsumen memperoleh ganti rugi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa platform digital tidak dapat diposisikan hanya sebagai perantara, karena memiliki kontrol nyata terhadap transaksi, penentuan tarif, pembayaran, dan penyelesaian sengketa. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada analisis hubungan hukum tripartit antara platform, mitra pengemudi, dan konsumen dengan pendekatan berbasis fungsi dan tingkat kontrol dalam distribusi tanggung jawab hukum. Penelitian menegaskan pentingnya perlindungan konsumen yang berkeadilan dalam ekosistem digital.
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