Urgensi Pembentukan Undang-Undang Perubahan Iklim dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia 66 14

Abstract

This study aims to examine the urgency of establishing a Climate Change Law within Indonesia’s legal system and to formulate an integrated regulatory framework linking international commitments with national climate governance. It employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, informed by limited monism, legal transformation theory, and the principle of pacta sunt servanda. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s ratification of the Paris Agreement through Law No. 16 of 2016 has not been accompanied by an overarching legal framework that comprehensively harmonizes sectoral regulations, allocates institutional responsibilities, establishes accountability mechanisms, and supports the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). This regulatory fragmentation creates legal uncertainty and may undermine the consistency of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies. The novelty of this study lies in its normative construction of a Climate Change Framework Law as an integrating legal instrument covering emission-reduction targets, measurement, reporting, and verification (MRV), climate finance, protection of vulnerable communities, and cross-sectoral oversight. The study recommends enacting such legislation alongside harmonization of sectoral regulations and establishing an independent National Climate Change Commission to coordinate implementation, monitor progress, and evaluate the achievement of national climate targets transparently and accountably.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis urgensi pembentukan undang-undang perubahan iklim dalam sistem hukum Indonesia dan merumuskan konstruksi regulasi yang mengintegrasikan komitmen internasional dengan tata kelola iklim nasional. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan, serta menganalisis bahan hukum berdasarkan teori monisme terbatas, transformasi hukum, dan prinsip pacta sunt servanda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ratifikasi Paris Agreement melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2016 belum didukung oleh kerangka hukum induk yang secara komprehensif menyelaraskan regulasi sektoral, pembagian kewenangan, mekanisme akuntabilitas, dan pelaksanaan Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Fragmentasi pengaturan tersebut berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan menghambat konsistensi kebijakan mitigasi serta adaptasi perubahan iklim. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada konstruksi normatif undang-undang perubahan iklim sebagai Climate Change Framework Law yang mengintegrasikan target penurunan emisi, mekanisme pengukuran, pelaporan, dan verifikasi (MRV), pendanaan iklim, perlindungan masyarakat rentan, serta pengawasan lintas sektor. Penelitian merekomendasikan pembentukan undang-undang tersebut disertai harmonisasi regulasi sektoral dan pembentukan Komisi Perubahan Iklim Nasional yang independen untuk mengoordinasikan, memantau, dan mengevaluasi pencapaian target iklim secara transparan dan akuntabel.