Strict Liability in Indonesian and Dutch Environmental Civil Law: A Comparative Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i3.13128Keywords:
Comparative Law; Civil Liability; Environmental Civil Law; Risk-Based Liability; Strict LiabilityAbstract
This study examines the application and characteristics of the strict liability principle in Indonesian and Dutch environmental civil law as a legal mechanism for environmental damage compensation. The research is motivated by differing normative approaches, where Indonesia adopts strict liability as a specific regime under environmental legislation, while the Netherlands develops it within general civil law through a risk-based liability framework. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative law approaches by analyzing legislation, legal doctrines, and judicial practices in both jurisdictions. The findings reveal that the implementation of strict liability in Indonesia remains constrained by evidentiary challenges, particularly regarding causation and the scope of liability, whereas the Dutch system consistently applies risk-based liability without requiring proof of fault. The novelty of this research lies in its comparative assessment, positioning the Dutch model as a normative reference for strengthening the effectiveness of strict liability in Indonesia, especially in ensuring environmental restoration and the protection of affected communities. This study recommends reinforcing Indonesia’s strict liability framework through doctrinal harmonization, simplified evidentiary standards, and clearer environmental compensation mechanisms.
References
Afinnas, Muhamad Agil Aufa. Signifikansi Pengaturan Strict Liability dalam Peraturan Mahkamah Agung No. 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Pedoman Mengadili Perkara Lingkungan Hidup untuk Mengatasi Kerancuan Konseptualnya dalam Praktik. no. 1 (2023).
Azhar, Muhammad Yasir, and Saddan Dintara Lubis. “Liability Without Fault in Environmental Dispute Settlement: The Per-Spec-Tive of Law No. 32 of 2009 Concerning Environmental Protection and Man-Agement.” Legal Brief 14, no. 3 (July 2025): 559–69. https://doi.org/10.35335/legal.v14i3.1371.
Bisschop, Lieselot, and Yogi Hendlin. “How Criminology Can Support Environmental Health: The Case of PFAS.” Environmental Health 24, no. 1 (August 2025): 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-025-01214-2.
Candrawati, Ni Komang Ayu, and I. Gede Agus Kurniawan. “Strict Liability Principles Regulation on Corporate Crimes in Environmental Pollution & Strengthening Criminal Penalties in Indonesia.” Jurnal Daulat Hukum 8, no. 1 (April 2025): 72–83. https://doi.org/10.30659/jdh.v8i1.44878.
Faizal, Zahranissa Putri. “Strict Liability in Environmental Dispute Responsibility Before and After the Enabling of Omnibus Law.” Administrative and Environmental Law Review 2, no. 1 (May 2021): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.25041/aelr.v2i1.2318.
Fath, Al. “Analisis Yuridis Penerapan Strict Liability Dalam Undang-Undang Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Yang Diubah Oleh Undang-Undang Ciptakerja.” Jurnal Batavia 2, no. 2 (October 2025): 110–20. https://doi.org/10.64578/batavia.v2i2.168.
Fikri, Muhammad Ainurrasyid Al. “Implementation of Strict Liability by Companies in Cases of Environmental Damage in Indonesia: An Overview of State Administrative Law in Indonesia.” Indonesian State Law Review 5, no. 2 (2022): 41–52. https://doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v5i2.23130.
Hansler, Rikkert J., Linda J. Bellamy, and Henk A. Akkermans. “Ageing Assets at Major Hazard Chemical Sites – The Dutch Experience.” Safety Science 153 (September 2022): 105788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105788.
Hanum, Paujiah, Rani Ika Pratiwi, Iqbal Doly Indra Utama, Yasir Muslim, and Mella Ismelina Farma Rahayu. “The Principle Of Strict Liability In Legal Responsibility For Environmental Pollution: A Conceptual Analysis.” International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences 6, no. 3 (June 2025): 259–61. https://doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v6i2.943.
Indonesian Environmental Protection and Management Act (Law No. 32 of 2009), § Article 88.
KUHPerdata, Article 1365.
Kusuma, Lalu Aria Nata. “Environmental Disputes Without Protection Of Strict Liability Principles: Again, Law On Job Creation.” Law and Justice 7, no. 1 (October 2022): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.23917/laj.v7i1.699.
Malik, Abdul, Sanusi Sanusi, and Fajar Sudewo. “Corporate Strict Liability in Environmental Crimes in Indonesia and the Netherlands.” Paper presented at Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, MALAPY 2022, 28 May 2022, Tegal, Indonesia. August 15, 2022. https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.28-5-2022.2320558.
Maulana, Jalu Akbar, and Fadila Nur Annisa. “Analisa Yuridis Perubahan Makna Strict Liability dalam Undang-Undang Lingkungan Hidup Pasca Pengesahan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja.” Amnesti: Jurnal Hukum 6, no. 2 (August 2024): 297–313. https://doi.org/10.37729/amnesti.v6i2.4935.
Meilala, Aurora Jillena, Dian Khoreanita, Citraresmi Widoretno Putri, and Jonathan Andre Woods. “An Explanation On The Ideological Deviation Of Economic Legislature In Indonesia.” Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Dan Sosial Humaniora 1, no. 3 (January 2022): 417–34. https://doi.org/10.53625/jpdsh.v1i3.1167.
Negara, Tunggul Ansari Setia. “Normative Legal Research in Indonesia: Its Originis and Approaches.” Audito Comparative Law Journal (ACLJ) 4, no. 1 (February 2023): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.22219/aclj.v4i1.24855.
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan Dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, 22/2021 PP 22/2021.
Pihalehto, Mari, and Suvi-Tuuli Puharinen. “Uncharted Interplay and Troubled Implementation: Managing Hydropower’s Environmental Impacts under the EU Water Framework and Environmental Liability Directives.” Journal of Environmental Law 36, no. 1 (March 2024): 43–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqad032.
Potharst, J N. “Risicoaansprakelijkheid of ‘aanmerkelijk risico’ aansprakelijkheid?” Rechtspraak, 2024.
PT. Bumi Mekar Hijau v. KLHK, 51/PDT/2016/PT.PLG (Pengadilan Tinggi Palembang).
PT. Rambang Agro Jaya v. KLHK, Nomor 2196 K/Pdt/2022 (Mahkamah Agung).
Rhiti, Hyronimus. “Tanggung Jawab Mutlak Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Lingkungan Hidup.” Justitia et Pax 31, no. 2 (October 2017). https://doi.org/10.24002/jep.v31i2.1343.
Rianda, Hendi Gusta. “Problematika Konsepsi Strict Liability Dalam Perlindungan Lingkungan Hidup Pasca Disahkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 Tentang Cipta Kerja.” Muhammadiyah Law Review 5, no. 2 (July 2021): 100–109. https://doi.org/10.24127/lr.v5i2.1626.
S, Suarni, Maskun, and AM Yunus Wahid. “Revitalizing Strict Liability In Environmental Law Enforcement In Indonesia.” International Journal of Environmental Sciences, June 2, 2025, 2003–10. https://doi.org/10.64252/bn7bs638.
Samkalden, Channa, Charlotte Liem, and Marloes Wantenaar. Handbook for Practitioners: The Netherlands – Civil Liability for Human Rights Violations. 2021.
Smedt, Kristel de, and Britt Gerritsen. “The Environmental Liability Directive 20 Years on: A Critical Evaluation.” Lawtext Publishing Limited 28, No. 5 (2024).
Tuju, Mikhaela Tracy Renata. “Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi Atas Pencemaran Limbah Bahan Berbahaya Dan Beracun Berdasarkan Asas Tanggung Jawab Mutlak.” Lex Crimen 13, no. 3 (September 2025). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexcrimen/article/view/63997.
Wahyuningsih, Yuliana Yuli, Edward Benedictus Roring, Okta Refika Desideria, Satino Satino, Citraresmi Widoretno Putri, and Kayus Kayowuan Lewoleba. “Transformasi Hukum Bisnis Dalam Ekosistem Digital: Tantangan Dan Peluang.” IKRA-ITH HUMANIORA : Jurnal Sosial Dan Humaniora 9, no. 1 (March 2025): 254–58. https://doi.org/10.37817/ikraith-humaniora.v9i1.4422.
Wibisana, Andri Gunawan. “Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja Dan Strict Liability Omnibus Law On Job Creation And Strict Liability.” Bina Hukum Lingkungan 5, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.24970/bhl.v5i3.216.
Wongkar, Etheldreda E. L. T. “Meninjau Kembali Strict Liability: Perkembangan Konseptual dan Tantangannya dalam Ajudikasi Lingkungan di Indonesia.” Jurnal Pro Natura 1, no. 1 (July 2024): 1–18.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal holds the copyright for each article published with work licensed simultaneously under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the authorship and early publication of the work in this journal.
Citedness in Scopus 
