Deepfake Sebagai Bentuk Kejahatan Siber Baru: Tantangan Kriminalisasi Dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia

Authors

  • Siti Nurkholisah UIN Walisongo Semarang
  • Daud Rismana UIN Walisongo Semarang
  • Afrizal Eko Nugroho UIN Walisongo Semarang
  • Amrina Munjiyah UIN Walisongo Semarang
  • Qurota Ayunisa UIN Walisongo Semarang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i3.13060

Keywords:

Deepfake, Forensik Digital, Hukum Pidana Indonesia, Kriminalisasi

Abstract

This article examines the effectiveness of Indonesian criminal law regulations, particularly the ITE Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and the New Criminal Code, in criminalizing deepfakes as an artificial intelligence–based cybercrime with increasingly complex, multidimensional, and socio-politically disruptive impacts. This study employs a normative juridical method through in-depth qualitative analysis, an examination of 15 court decisions from 2023–2025, and a comparative approach with international frameworks such as the EU AI Act and the US DEEPFAKES Accountability Act. The findings reveal that existing regulations remain largely reactive, lack a technical definition of deepfake, and fail to satisfy the principles of legal certainty (lex certa), preventive and repressive legal protection, proportionality of sanctions, and the balance between freedom of expression and privacy protection. Limitations in digital forensic evidence, inadequate law enforcement capacity to verify AI-generated content, and low public digital literacy contribute to systemic enforcement ineffectiveness and heightened victim vulnerability. The novelty of this article lies in its integrated approach combining positive legal analysis, open-source digital forensic technology, and digital literacy as preventive instruments within a unified theoretical framework. This study recommends regulatory reform through the explicit definition of deepfake, inter-legislative harmonization, the enhancement of accessible forensic technologies, and the strengthening of national digital literacy to establish an adaptive and just criminal law system in the digital era.

 

Artikel ini mengkaji efektivitas regulasi hukum pidana Indonesia, khususnya Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi, dan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana Baru, dalam mengkriminalisasi deepfake sebagai bentuk kejahatan siber berbasis kecerdasan buatan yang semakin kompleks, multidimensional, dan berpotensi mengganggu stabilitas sosial-politik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan analisis kualitatif mendalam, studi terhadap 15 putusan pengadilan periode 2023–2025, serta pendekatan komparatif dengan kerangka internasional seperti EU AI Act dan US DEEPFAKES Accountability Act. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa regulasi yang berlaku masih bersifat reaktif, belum memuat definisi teknis deepfake, serta belum memenuhi asas kepastian hukum (lex certa), fungsi perlindungan preventif dan represif, proporsionalitas sanksi, serta keseimbangan antara kebebasan berekspresi dan perlindungan privasi. Hambatan pembuktian forensik digital, keterbatasan kapasitas penegak hukum dalam memverifikasi konten berbasis AI, dan rendahnya literasi digital masyarakat menciptakan ketidakefektifan penegakan hukum yang sistemik dan memperbesar kerentanan korban. Kebaruan artikel ini terletak pada integrasi analisis hukum positif, teknologi forensik open source, dan literasi digital sebagai instrumen preventif dalam satu kerangka teoretik terpadu. Artikel ini merekomendasikan reformasi regulasi melalui perumusan definisi deepfake, harmonisasi antar-undang-undang, penguatan forensik digital yang terjangkau, serta pengembangan literasi digital nasional guna mewujudkan sistem hukum pidana yang adaptif dan berkeadilan di era digital.

Author Biographies

  • Siti Nurkholisah, UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Full Name: Siti Nurkholisah

    Study Program: Master of Law

    Faculty: Faculty of Sharia and Law

    Institution: UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Email Address: [email protected] 

    Siti Nurkholisah is a Master’s student at the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia. She has an interest in the field of law, particularly in criminal law and Islamic law, and understands the relevance of Islamic values in the formation of the national legal system.

  • Daud Rismana, UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Full Name and Title: Dr. Daud Rismana, M.H.

    Study Program: Master of Law

    Faculty: Faculty of Sharia and Law

    Institution: UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Academic Position: Secretary of the Master of Law Study Program

    Email Address: [email protected]

    Research Focus: Renewable Energy, Thermodynamics, Thermal Engineering

    Concise Statement: Dr. Daud Rismana is a lecturer in the Master of Law Study Program at the Faculty of Sharia and Law, UIN Walisongo Semarang. He obtained his doctoral degree in Law. His research focus includes criminal law. He has published a number of articles in national journals and is active in legal research.

  • Afrizal Eko Nugroho, UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Full Name: Afrizal Eko Nugroho

    Study Program: Master of Law

    Faculty: Faculty of Sharia and Law

    Institution: UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Email Address: [email protected]

    Afrizal Eko Nugroho is a Master’s student at the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia. His research interests encompass criminal law reform and Islamic legal studies

  • Amrina Munjiyah, UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Full Name: Amrina Munjiyah

    Study Program: Master of Law

    Faculty: Faculty of Sharia and Law

    Institution: UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Email Address: [email protected]

    Amrina Munjiyah is a Master of Law student at the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia. Her research focuses on Islamic law, criminal law reform, and modern legal studies.

  • Qurota Ayunisa, UIN Walisongo Semarang

    Full Name: Qurota Ayunisa

    Study Program: Master of Law

    Faculty: Faculty of Sharia and Law

    Institution: UIN Walisongo Semarang
    Email Address: [email protected] 

    Qurota Ayunisa is currently pursuing a Master’s degree at the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia. She has a particular interest in issues related to criminal law reform and the development of Islamic law in Indonesia.

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Published

2025-12-17

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Section

Articles

How to Cite

Nurkholisah, S., Rismana, D., Eko Nugroho, A., Munjiyah, A. ., & Ayunisa, Q. (2025). Deepfake Sebagai Bentuk Kejahatan Siber Baru: Tantangan Kriminalisasi Dalam Hukum Pidana Indonesia. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW, 8(3), 2421-2445. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v8i3.13060