Numerical and Field-Based Analysis of Soil Nailing for Slope Stability
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/teknika.v20i2.12918Keywords:
Landslide, soil nailing, slope stability, LEM, FEMAbstract
Landslide occurrences in Indonesia are predominantly associated with soft soils and inadequate drainage conditions during periods of high-intensity rainfall. Nevertheless, the country’s diverse geological settings pose significant challenges for implementing effective landslide mitigation strategies, particularly as most existing studies are concentrated on specific islands, each characterized by distinct geotechnical and geomorphological conditions. In certain areas of Flores Island, landslides have been observed at relatively shallow depths and steep slope angles, often occurring in remote locations. Additionally, the tectonic setting of Flores Island—surrounded by multiple active seismic sources—increases the susceptibility to both rockfalls and earthquake-induced landslides. Soil nailing has emerged as a promising stabilization technique in such conditions, particularly where subsurface materials exhibit high resistance to penetration (N-SPT > 60). Despite the steep terrain, the technique remains viable due to its adaptability and minimal disturbance to the existing slope geometry. Stability analyses conducted using both the FEM and LEM under static loading conditions indicate that soil nailing is effective in reinforcing the slope without inducing significant deformation. Furthermore, the reinforced slopes demonstrate sufficient stability under seismic loading, satisfying the design earthquake criteria stipulated by the Indonesian Standard.
References
Alok, Aman et al. 2024. “A Generalized Limit Equilibrium‐Based Platform Incorporating Simplified Bishop, Janbu and Morgenstern–Price Methods for Soil Slope Stability Problems.” Advances in Civil Engineering 2024(1).
Azarafza, Mohammad et al. 2021. “Discontinuous rock slope stability analysis by limit equilibrium approaches–a review.” International Journal of Digital Earth 14(12): 1918–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2021.1988163.
Bekele, Addisu, dan Matebie Meten. 2023. “Modeling rock slope stability using kinematic, limit equilibrium and finite-element methods along Mertule Maryam–Mekane Selam road, central Ethiopia.” Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 9(2): 1559–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01563-8.
Chen, Chien Yuan, Ho Wen Chen, dan Wei Cheng Wu. 2021. “Numerical modeling of interactions of rainfall and earthquakes on slope stability analysis.” Environmental Earth Sciences 80(16): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09855-5.
Derghoum, Rabah, dan Mohamed Meksaouine. 2021. “Numerical study for optimal design of soil nailed embankment slopes.” International Journal of Geo-Engineering 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40703-021-00144-5.
Enkhbold, Bilguun, Hajime Ikeda, Hisatoshi Toriya, dan Tsuyoshi Adachi. 2023. “A Comprehensive Numerical Modeling Study for Parameter Optimization and Slope Stability Analysis in the Baganuur Lignite Coal Mine.” Mining 3(4): 755–72.
Istiqamah, Ismi, Mohamad Khoiri, Mahendra Andiek Maulana, dan Bambang S. Razak. 2025. “Alternative Planning Slope Stabilization on Roadway Case Study : Landslide on Tabone-Polewali Road Section KM 168+790 to 168+820.” Journal of Infrastructure & Facility Asset Management 7(0): 29–40.
Mebrahtu, Tesfay Kiros, Thomas Heinze, Stefan Wohnlich, dan Michael Alber. 2022. “Slope stability analysis of deep-seated landslides using limit equilibrium and finite element methods in Debre Sina area, Ethiopia.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 81(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-022-02906-6.
Mouyeaux, Anthony et al. 2023. “Stability Analysis of Earth Dam Slopes Based on the Second-Order Work Criterion in Finite Element Modeling.” Geotechnics 3(4): 1117–34.
Nata, Refky Adi, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, Ardhymanto Am Tanjung, et al. 2024. “Finite Element Modeling for Stability Assessment of Sedimentary Rock Slopes.” Safety 10(3).
Nata, Refky Adi, Gaofeng Ren, Yongxiang Ge, Ahmad Fadhly, et al. 2024. “The Role of LEM in Mine Slope Safety: A Pre- and Post-Blast Perspective.” Safety 10(4).
Pandey, Binaya Raj, Helmut Knoblauch, dan Gerald Zenz. 2023. “Slope Stability Evaluation Due to Reservoir Draw-Down Using LEM and Stress-Based FEM along with Mohr–Coulomb Criteria.” Water (Switzerland) 15(22).
Pustlitbang PUPR. 2017. PUSGEN (Center of National Earthquake Study) 2017 Peta Sumber Dan Bahaya Gempa Indonesia Tahun 2017 (Map of Indonesia Earthquake Sources and Hazards in 2017) (Jakarta).
Sari, Mutiara, Mutiara Yusnidar, dan Febrian Hadinata. 2021. “Index and Risk Level of Landslides on Road and Bridges Located on National Roads (Case Study: Kerinci District and Sungai Penuh City, Jambi Province).” International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 8(6): 1–11.
Sarkar, Sourav, dan Manash Chakraborty. 2020. “Pseudo-static slope stability analysis for cohesive-frictional soil by using variational method.” Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 55: 159–71.
Sultana, P. 2014. “Comparative Study of Soil Slopes Using Static and Pseudo-Static Approaches.” 3(5): 1011–18. www.ijert.org.
Valentino, Roberto. 2023. “FEM Modelling of Thin Weak Layers in Slope Stability Analysis.” Geosciences (Switzerland) 13(8).
Villalobos, Sergio A., dan Felipe A. Villalobos. 2021. “Effect of nail spacing on the global stability of soil nailed walls using limit equilibrium and finite element methods.” Transportation Geotechnics 26: 100454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100454.
W.F.Carroll. 1963. Vertical Displacements of Spread Footings on Clay: Static and Impulsive Loadings. University of Illinois.
Yogaswara, Dendi, dan Triska Alfitriani Herwina. 2023. “Analisis Stabilitas Lereng Terhadap Kelongsoran (Studi Kasus Di Jalan Raya Bandung-Garut Desa Ciherang Kecamatan Nagreg).” Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 6(3): 167–75.
Zhang, L. L., J. Zhang, L. M. Zhang, dan W. H. Tang. 2011. “Stability analysis of rainfallinduced slope failure: A review.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Geotechnical Engineering 164(5): 299–316.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
