Results

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
  Total_ER Total_EE Total_POS
Valid 212 212 212
Missing 0 0 0
Mean 38.632 44.509 51.255
Std. Deviation 5.428 5.172 7.156
Minimum 24.000 33.000 35.000
Maximum 52.000 56.000 70.000

Boxplots

Total_ER

Total_EE

Total_POS

Confirmatory Factor Analysis EE

Model fit

Chi-square test
Model Χ² df p
Baseline model 1096.162 66  
Factor model 270.792 51 < .001

Additional fit measures

Fit indices
Index Value
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.787
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.724
Bentler-Bonett Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI) 0.724
Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index (NFI) 0.753
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) 0.582
Bollen's Relative Fit Index (RFI) 0.680
Bollen's Incremental Fit Index (IFI) 0.790
Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI) 0.787
Information criteria
  Value
Log-likelihood -2337.022
Number of free parameters 39.000
Akaike (AIC) 4752.045
Bayesian (BIC) 4882.952
Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SSABIC) 4759.374
Other fit measures
Metric Value
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) 0.143
RMSEA 90% CI lower bound 0.126
RMSEA 90% CI upper bound 0.160
RMSEA p-value 0.000
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.085
Hoelter's critical N (α = .05) 54.760
Hoelter's critical N (α = .01) 61.585
Goodness of fit index (GFI) 0.985
McDonald fit index (MFI) 0.595
Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 1.645
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test
Indicator MSA
EE_1 0.792
EE_2 0.823
EE_3 0.789
EE_4 0.765
EE_5 0.852
EE_6 0.761
EE_7 0.822
EE_8 0.838
EE_9 0.743
EE_10 0.788
EE_11 0.759
EE_12 0.849
Overall 0.799
Bartlett's test of sphericity
Χ² df p
1066.000 66 < .001
R-Squared
  R²
EE_1 0.581
EE_2 0.331
EE_3 0.704
EE_4 0.465
EE_5 0.464
EE_6 0.175
EE_7 0.474
EE_8 0.319
EE_9 0.501
EE_10 0.562
EE_11 0.389
EE_12 0.477

Parameter estimates

Factor loadings
95% Confidence Interval
Factor Indicator Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
Cognitive EE_1 0.505 0.042 11.915 < .001 0.422 0.588 0.762
  EE_2 0.373 0.046 8.073 < .001 0.283 0.464 0.575
  EE_3 0.554 0.041 13.459 < .001 0.474 0.635 0.839
  EE_4 0.445 0.045 9.971 < .001 0.358 0.533 0.682
Emotional EE_5 0.482 0.047 10.302 < .001 0.390 0.574 0.681
  EE_6 0.264 0.046 5.710 < .001 0.174 0.355 0.418
  EE_7 0.454 0.043 10.655 < .001 0.371 0.538 0.688
  EE_8 0.379 0.047 8.143 < .001 0.288 0.470 0.565
Behavioral EE_9 0.560 0.053 10.491 < .001 0.456 0.665 0.708
  EE_10 0.704 0.063 11.192 < .001 0.580 0.827 0.750
  EE_11 0.485 0.054 8.924 < .001 0.379 0.592 0.624
  EE_12 0.562 0.055 10.195 < .001 0.454 0.670 0.690
Factor variances
95% Confidence Interval
Factor Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
Cognitive 1.000 0.000   1.000 1.000 1.000
Emotional 1.000 0.000   1.000 1.000 1.000
Behavioral 1.000 0.000   1.000 1.000 1.000
Factor Covariances
95% Confidence Interval
      Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
Cognitive ↔ Emotional 0.939 0.040 23.398 < .001 0.861 1.018 0.939
Cognitive ↔ Behavioral 0.287 0.080 3.595 < .001 0.130 0.443 0.287
Emotional ↔ Behavioral 0.504 0.077 6.509 < .001 0.352 0.656 0.504
Residual variances
95% Confidence Interval
Indicator Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
EE_1 0.184 0.026 7.185 < .001 0.134 0.234 0.419
EE_2 0.282 0.032 8.839 < .001 0.219 0.344 0.669
EE_3 0.129 0.025 5.263 < .001 0.081 0.177 0.296
EE_4 0.228 0.029 7.834 < .001 0.171 0.285 0.535
EE_5 0.269 0.032 8.374 < .001 0.206 0.332 0.536
EE_6 0.330 0.034 9.754 < .001 0.264 0.397 0.825
EE_7 0.230 0.027 8.657 < .001 0.178 0.282 0.526
EE_8 0.306 0.033 9.214 < .001 0.241 0.372 0.681
EE_9 0.312 0.041 7.526 < .001 0.231 0.393 0.499
EE_10 0.386 0.058 6.696 < .001 0.273 0.498 0.438
EE_11 0.369 0.044 8.462 < .001 0.284 0.455 0.611
EE_12 0.346 0.044 7.818 < .001 0.260 0.433 0.523
Average variance extracted
Factor AVE
Cognitive 0.522
Emotional 0.365
Behavioral 0.490
Reliability
  Coefficient ω Coefficient α
Cognitive 0.804 0.810
Emotional 0.672 0.692
Behavioral 0.789 0.787
total 0.868 0.833

Modification Indices

Cross-loadings
      Mod. Ind. EPC
Emotional → EE_1 9.917 -0.499
Emotional → EE_11 8.420 -0.173
Cognitive → EE_11 7.895 -0.148
Emotional → EE_10 6.744 0.180
Cognitive → EE_10 5.956 0.149
Cognitive → EE_8 5.770 -0.451
Behavioral → EE_1 4.441 -0.087
Emotional → EE_4 4.386 0.339
Behavioral → EE_8 4.000 0.114
Residual covariances
      Mod. Ind. EPC
EE_1 ↔ EE_3 58.079 0.151
EE_2 ↔ EE_4 50.833 0.141
EE_6 ↔ EE_8 33.446 0.135
EE_4 ↔ EE_6 29.581 0.112
EE_3 ↔ EE_4 27.027 -0.096
EE_2 ↔ EE_3 20.273 -0.083
EE_3 ↔ EE_6 18.533 -0.078
EE_6 ↔ EE_7 15.108 -0.083
EE_2 ↔ EE_6 14.813 0.085
EE_8 ↔ EE_10 11.997 0.099
EE_4 ↔ EE_10 11.064 0.084
EE_3 ↔ EE_8 8.394 -0.053
EE_3 ↔ EE_5 7.691 0.052
EE_4 ↔ EE_11 7.518 -0.062
EE_4 ↔ EE_9 7.500 -0.060
EE_1 ↔ EE_6 7.494 -0.053
EE_8 ↔ EE_9 7.184 -0.066
EE_3 ↔ EE_9 7.116 0.050
EE_1 ↔ EE_2 7.037 -0.050
EE_3 ↔ EE_7 6.634 0.045
EE_4 ↔ EE_5 6.554 -0.052
EE_4 ↔ EE_8 6.031 0.050
EE_4 ↔ EE_12 5.447 0.053
EE_7 ↔ EE_9 5.107 0.050
EE_9 ↔ EE_11 4.650 0.073
EE_2 ↔ EE_11 4.368 -0.051
EE_10 ↔ EE_11 4.078 -0.083
EE_6 ↔ EE_10 3.950 0.058

Plots

Model plot

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ER

Model fit

Chi-square test
Model Χ² df p
Baseline model 944.148 45  
Factor model 361.475 35 < .001

Additional fit measures

Fit indices
Index Value
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.637
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.533
Bentler-Bonett Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI) 0.533
Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index (NFI) 0.617
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) 0.480
Bollen's Relative Fit Index (RFI) 0.508
Bollen's Incremental Fit Index (IFI) 0.641
Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI) 0.637
Information criteria
  Value
Log-likelihood -2459.436
Number of free parameters 30.000
Akaike (AIC) 4978.872
Bayesian (BIC) 5079.569
Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SSABIC) 4984.510
Other fit measures
Metric Value
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) 0.210
RMSEA 90% CI lower bound 0.190
RMSEA 90% CI upper bound 0.230
RMSEA p-value 0.000
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.112
Hoelter's critical N (α = .05) 30.208
Hoelter's critical N (α = .01) 34.630
Goodness of fit index (GFI) 0.984
McDonald fit index (MFI) 0.463
Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 1.988
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test
Indicator MSA
ER_2 0.826
ER_3 0.827
ER_4 0.638
ER_5 0.770
ER_6 0.899
ER_7 0.715
ER_8 0.617
ER_9 0.845
ER_10 0.804
ER_11 0.821
Overall 0.772
Bartlett's test of sphericity
Χ² df p
921.138 45 < .001
R-Squared
  R²
ER_2 0.571
ER_3 0.308
ER_4 0.180
ER_5 0.159
ER_6 0.335
ER_7 0.349
ER_8 0.158
ER_9 0.706
ER_10 0.585
ER_11 0.164

Parameter estimates

Factor loadings
95% Confidence Interval
Factor Indicator Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
ER ER_2 0.609 0.050 12.226 < .001 0.511 0.707 0.756
  ER_3 0.400 0.048 8.254 < .001 0.305 0.495 0.555
  ER_4 0.470 0.079 5.977 < .001 0.316 0.624 0.425
  ER_5 0.293 0.052 5.643 < .001 0.191 0.394 0.398
  ER_6 0.591 0.069 8.615 < .001 0.456 0.725 0.579
  ER_7 0.610 0.069 8.815 < .001 0.474 0.745 0.591
  ER_8 0.494 0.091 5.439 < .001 0.316 0.673 0.397
  ER_9 0.602 0.042 14.326 < .001 0.520 0.685 0.841
  ER_10 0.526 0.042 12.427 < .001 0.443 0.609 0.765
  ER_11 -0.394 0.069 -5.735 < .001 -0.529 -0.260 -0.405
Factor variances
95% Confidence Interval
Factor Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
ER 1.000 0.000   1.000 1.000 1.000
Residual variances
95% Confidence Interval
Indicator Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
ER_2 0.278 0.034 8.148 < .001 0.211 0.345 0.429
ER_3 0.360 0.037 9.631 < .001 0.287 0.433 0.692
ER_4 1.004 0.102 9.877 < .001 0.805 1.203 0.820
ER_5 0.454 0.045 9.998 < .001 0.365 0.543 0.841
ER_6 0.694 0.073 9.450 < .001 0.550 0.838 0.665
ER_7 0.693 0.074 9.366 < .001 0.548 0.839 0.651
ER_8 1.305 0.133 9.847 < .001 1.045 1.565 0.842
ER_9 0.151 0.022 6.700 < .001 0.107 0.195 0.294
ER_10 0.196 0.024 8.011 < .001 0.148 0.244 0.415
ER_11 0.791 0.079 9.972 < .001 0.636 0.947 0.836
Average variance extracted
Factor AVE
ER 0.305
Reliability
  Coefficient ω Coefficient α
ER 0.714 0.728

Modification Indices

Residual covariances
      Mod. Ind. EPC
ER_4 ↔ ER_8 58.132 0.617
ER_7 ↔ ER_8 52.917 0.502
ER_4 ↔ ER_6 34.464 0.355
ER_2 ↔ ER_10 34.097 0.128
ER_6 ↔ ER_8 27.933 0.364
ER_3 ↔ ER_5 27.106 0.152
ER_7 ↔ ER_11 25.167 -0.270
ER_8 ↔ ER_11 23.054 -0.344
ER_8 ↔ ER_9 18.197 -0.164
ER_4 ↔ ER_9 16.900 -0.139
ER_2 ↔ ER_8 16.658 -0.191
ER_8 ↔ ER_10 14.986 -0.153
ER_2 ↔ ER_11 12.919 0.131
ER_7 ↔ ER_10 10.538 -0.098
ER_5 ↔ ER_10 10.052 -0.074
ER_2 ↔ ER_7 7.640 -0.099
ER_9 ↔ ER_10 6.405 0.049
ER_3 ↔ ER_10 6.224 -0.054
ER_5 ↔ ER_9 4.203 0.046
ER_6 ↔ ER_9 3.905 -0.059

Plots

Model plot

Confirmatory Factor Analysis POS

Model fit

Chi-square test
Model Χ² df p
Baseline model 936.131 36  
Factor model 134.982 27 < .001

Additional fit measures

Fit indices
Index Value
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.880
Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) 0.840
Bentler-Bonett Non-normed Fit Index (NNFI) 0.840
Bentler-Bonett Normed Fit Index (NFI) 0.856
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) 0.642
Bollen's Relative Fit Index (RFI) 0.808
Bollen's Incremental Fit Index (IFI) 0.881
Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI) 0.880
Information criteria
  Value
Log-likelihood -2312.423
Number of free parameters 27.000
Akaike (AIC) 4678.846
Bayesian (BIC) 4769.474
Sample-size adjusted Bayesian (SSABIC) 4683.920
Other fit measures
Metric Value
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) 0.137
RMSEA 90% CI lower bound 0.115
RMSEA 90% CI upper bound 0.161
RMSEA p-value 1.007×10-9
Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) 0.059
Hoelter's critical N (α = .05) 64.001
Hoelter's critical N (α = .01) 74.759
Goodness of fit index (GFI) 0.989
McDonald fit index (MFI) 0.775
Expected cross validation index (ECVI) 0.891
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test
Indicator MSA
POS_1 0.909
POS_2 0.910
POS_4 0.850
POS_3 0.913
POS_5 0.907
POS_6 0.877
POS_7 0.899
POS_9 0.888
POS_10 0.900
Overall 0.893
Bartlett's test of sphericity
Χ² df p
914.789 36 < .001
R-Squared
  R²
POS_1 0.394
POS_2 0.500
POS_4 0.524
POS_3 0.460
POS_5 0.488
POS_6 0.556
POS_7 0.569
POS_9 0.521
POS_10 0.361

Parameter estimates

Factor loadings
95% Confidence Interval
Factor Indicator Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
POS POS_1 0.652 0.067 9.677 < .001 0.520 0.784 0.628
  POS_2 0.709 0.062 11.349 < .001 0.587 0.832 0.707
  POS_4 0.841 0.072 11.610 < .001 0.699 0.983 0.724
  POS_3 0.683 0.064 10.750 < .001 0.558 0.807 0.679
  POS_5 0.605 0.054 11.143 < .001 0.499 0.712 0.698
  POS_6 0.820 0.068 12.134 < .001 0.687 0.952 0.745
  POS_7 0.811 0.066 12.363 < .001 0.682 0.940 0.754
  POS_9 0.681 0.059 11.597 < .001 0.566 0.796 0.722
  POS_10 0.525 0.057 9.136 < .001 0.412 0.637 0.601
Factor variances
95% Confidence Interval
Factor Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
POS 1.000 0.000   1.000 1.000 1.000
Residual variances
95% Confidence Interval
Indicator Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper Std. Est. (all)
POS_1 0.653 0.069 9.435 < .001 0.518 0.789 0.606
POS_2 0.502 0.056 9.046 < .001 0.394 0.611 0.500
POS_4 0.641 0.074 8.688 < .001 0.496 0.785 0.476
POS_3 0.547 0.059 9.258 < .001 0.431 0.662 0.540
POS_5 0.385 0.042 9.086 < .001 0.302 0.468 0.512
POS_6 0.537 0.063 8.582 < .001 0.414 0.660 0.444
POS_7 0.499 0.058 8.552 < .001 0.384 0.613 0.431
POS_9 0.426 0.048 8.797 < .001 0.331 0.521 0.479
POS_10 0.488 0.051 9.516 < .001 0.387 0.588 0.639
Average variance extracted
Factor AVE
POS 0.492
Reliability
  Coefficient ω Coefficient α
POS 0.895 0.893

Modification Indices

Residual covariances
      Mod. Ind. EPC
POS_4 ↔ POS_6 41.772 0.313
POS_7 ↔ POS_9 23.402 0.185
POS_4 ↔ POS_10 18.188 -0.184
POS_9 ↔ POS_10 14.370 0.133
POS_4 ↔ POS_9 8.787 -0.126
POS_1 ↔ POS_4 8.420 0.146
POS_5 ↔ POS_6 8.127 -0.105
POS_1 ↔ POS_10 7.852 -0.118
POS_1 ↔ POS_9 7.491 -0.112
POS_1 ↔ POS_7 6.389 -0.114
POS_7 ↔ POS_10 6.226 0.097
POS_2 ↔ POS_5 5.780 0.084
POS_4 ↔ POS_5 5.198 -0.091
POS_1 ↔ POS_3 4.436 0.096
POS_2 ↔ POS_9 4.333 -0.077
POS_1 ↔ POS_2 4.252 0.091

Plots

Model plot

Mediation Analysis

Parameter estimates

Direct effects
95% Confidence Interval
      Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper
Total_POS → Total_ER 0.032 0.010 3.234 0.001 0.012 0.051
Note.  Delta method standard errors, normal theory confidence intervals, ML estimator.
Indirect effects
95% Confidence Interval
          Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper
Total_POS → Total_EE → Total_ER 0.035 0.007 5.247 < .001 0.022 0.048
Note.  Delta method standard errors, normal theory confidence intervals, ML estimator.
Total effects
95% Confidence Interval
      Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper
Total_POS → Total_ER 0.066 0.008 7.866 < .001 0.050 0.083
Note.  Delta method standard errors, normal theory confidence intervals, ML estimator.
Path coefficients
95% Confidence Interval
      Estimate Std. Error z-value p Lower Upper
Total_EE → Total_ER 0.418 0.070 5.992 < .001 0.281 0.554
Total_POS → Total_ER 0.032 0.010 3.234 0.001 0.012 0.051
Total_POS → Total_EE 0.084 0.008 10.863 < .001 0.068 0.099
Note.  Delta method standard errors, normal theory confidence intervals, ML estimator.
R-Squared
  R²
Total_ER 0.338
Total_EE 0.358

Path plot

Linear Regression

Model Summary - Total_ER
Model R R² Adjusted R² RMSE
H₀ 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.428
H₁ 0.553 0.305 0.302 4.535
ANOVA
Model   Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p
H₁ Regression 1898.562 1 1898.562 92.318 < .001
  Residual 4318.740 210 20.565  
  Total 6217.302 211  
Note.  The intercept model is omitted, as no meaningful information can be shown.
Coefficients
Model   Unstandardized Standard Error Standardized t p
H₀ (Intercept) 38.632 0.373 103.623 < .001
H₁ (Intercept) 12.819 2.705 4.740 < .001
  Total_EE 0.580 0.060 0.553 9.608 < .001

Copy of Linear Regression

Model Summary - Total_ER
Model R R² Adjusted R² RMSE
H₀ 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.428
H₁ 0.581 0.338 0.332 4.438
ANOVA
Model   Sum of Squares df Mean Square F p
H₁ Regression 2101.619 2 1050.809 53.362 < .001
  Residual 4115.683 209 19.692  
  Total 6217.302 211  
Note.  The intercept model is omitted, as no meaningful information can be shown.
Coefficients
Model   Unstandardized Standard Error Standardized t p
H₀ (Intercept) 38.632 0.373 103.623 < .001
H₁ (Intercept) 10.352 2.756 3.756 < .001
  Total_EE 0.438 0.074 0.418 5.950 < .001
  Total_POS 0.171 0.053 0.225 3.211 0.002