Jurnal USM Law Review (JULR) is an open-access, double-masked, peer-reviewed law journal published by Magister Hukum Universitas Semarang. Jurnal USM Law Review (JULR), has adopted a quarterly publication schedule, with issues published in March, June, September, December (since Volume 9 2026), has been indexed SINTA 3 (Accredited by the Directorate General of Research and Development of the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia Number 79/E/ KPT/2023). It primarily aims to facilitate scholarly and professional discussions of current legal developments in Indonesia and to publish innovative legal research on Indonesian laws and the legal system. The focus and scope of this journal encompass legal problems in Criminal Law, Civil Law, Constitutional Law, International Law, Administrative Law, Islamic Law, Business Law, Medical Law, Environmental Law, Adat Law, Agrarian Law, and Legal Philosophy. Registered as a member of the Crossref system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.26623. All articles will have a DOI number. Online Submissions Already have a Username/Password for Jurnal USM Law Review? GO TO LOGIN <a href="https://doaj.org/toc/2621-4105?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22terms%22%3A%7B%22index.issn.exact%22%3A%5B%222621-4105%22%5D%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22size%22%3A100%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22created_date%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22_source%22%3A%7B%7D%7D" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Need a Username/Password? GO TO REGISTER
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Pertanggungjawaban Pelaku Usaha atas Produk Cacat dalam Hukum Konsumen
This study aims to examine and analyze the liability of business actors for defective products from the perspectives of civil law and consumer protection law. The research is motivated by the increasing circulation of defective products that cause losses to consumers, as well as the weak position of consumers in proving business actors’ fault in product liability disputes. This condition indicates that the existing legal framework has not fully provided effective legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, supported by descriptive-analytical specifications through library research. The novelty of this study lies in the integrative analysis between the Consumer Protection Law and the Indonesian Civil Code in constructing a more comprehensive model of business liability for defective products. The results reveal that business liability in defective product cases includes contractual liability, tort liability, and the application of strict liability principles. However, the implementation of strict liability under the Consumer Protection Law has not yet been fully effective because business actors are still allowed to avoid liability by proving that consumer negligence caused the loss. Normatively, this condition weakens consumer protection and creates an imbalance in the burden of proof between consumers and business actors. Therefore, strengthening the formulation of strict liability and harmonizing consumer protection regulations with civil law principles are necessary to achieve more effective, just, and legally certain consumer protection. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis pertanggungjawaban pelaku usaha atas produk cacat dalam perspektif hukum perdata dan hukum perlindungan konsumen. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masih maraknya peredaran produk cacat yang merugikan konsumen serta lemahnya posisi konsumen dalam membuktikan kesalahan pelaku usaha dalam sengketa product liability. Kondisi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan hukum yang ada belum sepenuhnya mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum dan kepastian hukum yang efektif bagi konsumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif, serta spesifikasi deskriptif-analitis melalui studi kepustakaan. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif antara Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen dan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dalam membangun model pertanggungjawaban pelaku usaha atas produk cacat secara lebih komprehensif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pelaku usaha mencakup tanggung jawab kontraktual, tanggung jawab perbuatan melawan hukum, serta penerapan prinsip strict liability. Namun demikian, penerapan prinsip strict liability dalam UUPK belum berjalan secara optimal karena pelaku usaha masih diberikan ruang untuk menghindari tanggung jawab melalui pembuktian bahwa kerugian timbul akibat kesalahan konsumen. Secara normatif, kondisi tersebut menyebabkan perlindungan konsumen belum sepenuhnya efektif dan menimbulkan ketimpangan pembuktian antara konsumen dan pelaku usaha. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan formulasi strict liability dan harmonisasi pengaturan antara hukum perlindungan konsumen dan hukum perdata guna mewujudkan perlindungan konsumen yang lebih efektif, adil, dan memberikan kepastian hukum.
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Perlindungan Hukum Peralihan Hak Tanah dalam Kawasan Ibu Kota Nusantara
This study aims to analyze the regulation of land sale and purchase following the establishment of the Nusantara Capital City and the legal protection afforded to parties in the implementation of land rights transfer approval. The study is prompted by changes in the land transfer mechanism requiring prior approval from the Nusantara Capital Authority as a land control instrument, creating legal uncertainty for sellers, buyers, and Notaries/Land Deed Officials (PPAT). Previous studies mainly examined land control policies and the authority of Notaries/PPAT without addressing the relationship between the approval mechanism and legal protection for parties acting in good faith. This research employs a normative legal method supported by empirical data using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The novelty of this study lies in analyzing the relationship between the approval mechanism of the Nusantara Capital Authority and the effectiveness of legal protection in land sale transactions. The findings indicate that the approval mechanism constitutes a legitimate administrative restriction based on the State's Right to Control Land doctrine. However, its implementation has not fully ensured legal certainty due to inconsistent procedures, administrative requirements, processing timeframes, and institutional coordination. Strengthening the governance of the approval mechanism is therefore essential to ensure legal certainty and legal protection. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan jual beli tanah setelah penetapan Ibu Kota Nusantara serta perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak dalam pelaksanaan persetujuan pengalihan hak atas tanah. Urgensi penelitian berangkat dari perubahan mekanisme peralihan hak yang mensyaratkan persetujuan Otorita Ibu Kota Nusantara sebagai instrumen pengendalian pertanahan sehingga memengaruhi kepastian hukum bagi penjual, pembeli, dan Notaris/Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT). Penelitian terdahulu lebih banyak membahas pengendalian pertanahan dan kewenangan Notaris/PPAT tanpa mengkaji hubungan mekanisme persetujuan tersebut dengan perlindungan hukum bagi pihak yang beriktikad baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan dukungan data empiris melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada analisis hubungan antara persetujuan Otorita Ibu Kota Nusantara dan efektivitas perlindungan hukum dalam transaksi jual beli tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persetujuan pengalihan hak merupakan pembatasan administratif yang sah berdasarkan prinsip Hak Menguasai Negara. Namun, implementasinya belum sepenuhnya menjamin kepastian hukum akibat belum seragamnya prosedur, persyaratan, jangka waktu pelayanan, dan koordinasi antarlembaga. Oleh karena itu, penyempurnaan tata kelola persetujuan pengalihan hak diperlukan untuk menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan bagi para pihak.
Reconstructing PMN Accountability in Indonesian State-Owned Enterprise Governance
This study aims to analyze the legal status of State Capital Participation (Penyertaan Modal Negara—PMN) granted to PT Permodalan Nasional Madani (PT PNM) and to formulate an integrated accountability framework capable of reconciling the normative conflict between state finance law and corporate law in Indonesian State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs). Existing studies have predominantly examined PMN from economic, asset management, or criminal law perspectives, leaving unresolved the legal uncertainty concerning separated state assets, directors’ liability, and the relationship between constitutional accountability and corporate governance. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, with legal materials analyzed through doctrinal reasoning and systematic legal interpretation. The findings reveal that PMN should be understood as a hybrid legal institution that constitutionally remains part of state finance while being operationally managed under corporate governance principles, including separate legal personality, fiduciary duty, and the Business Judgment Rule. The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of a hybrid accountability framework integrating administrative accountability, fiduciary-based civil liability, and criminal liability as a proportional premium remedium, thereby establishing clear legal boundaries between legitimate business risk and unlawful management of state capital. This study contributes theoretically to the harmonization of state finance law and corporate governance, while providing a normative framework for strengthening legal certainty, regulatory coherence, and sustainable governance of Indonesian SOEs.
Pengawasan Digital Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak dalam Sistem Self Assessment
This study examines the effectiveness of digital taxpayer compliance monitoring within Indonesia’s self-assessment system under Minister of Finance Regulation Number 111 of 2025 and formulates strategies for strengthening digital tax supervision. The research is motivated by persistent taxpayer non-compliance, tax avoidance practices, and reporting inaccuracies amid the rapid digitalization of tax administration. Using a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, comparative, and socio-legal approaches, this study analyzes the legal framework governing digital tax supervision. The findings indicate that PMK Number 111 of 2025 strengthens compliance monitoring through risk-based supervision, integrated digital systems, data analytics, and the Coretax platform, thereby improving transparency, efficiency, and taxpayer compliance. Nevertheless, challenges remain in technological infrastructure, data integration, cybersecurity, and digital literacy. The novelty of this study lies in positioning tax digitalization not merely as a service innovation but as a data-driven administrative control instrument within the self-assessment system. This research contributes theoretically to the development of digital tax governance studies and practically offers a framework for integrated digital supervision to enhance taxpayer compliance and optimize state revenue. Penelitian ini menganalisis efektivitas pengawasan kepatuhan wajib pajak dalam sistem self-assessment berbasis digital berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 111 Tahun 2025 serta merumuskan strategi penguatan pengawasan perpajakan digital. Urgensi penelitian ini didasarkan pada masih rendahnya kepatuhan wajib pajak, praktik penghindaran pajak, dan ketidakakuratan pelaporan di tengah percepatan digitalisasi administrasi perpajakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, komparatif, dan sosio-legal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PMK Nomor 111 Tahun 2025 memperkuat pengawasan kepatuhan melalui pengawasan berbasis risiko, integrasi sistem digital, analisis data, dan optimalisasi Coretax sehingga meningkatkan transparansi, efisiensi administrasi, dan kepatuhan wajib pajak. Namun, implementasinya masih menghadapi kendala berupa keterbatasan infrastruktur teknologi, integrasi data, keamanan siber, dan literasi digital. Novelty penelitian ini terletak pada pengembangan konsep digitalisasi perpajakan sebagai instrumen kontrol administratif berbasis data, bukan sekadar inovasi pelayanan perpajakan. Kontribusi penelitian ini adalah memperkaya kajian digital tax governance serta menawarkan model pengawasan digital terintegrasi untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak dan optimalisasi penerimaan negara.
Reformulasi Rehabilitasi Narkotika Berbasis Melatonin dalam Sistem Hukum Kesehatan Indonesia
This study aims to analyse the reformulation of medical rehabilitation regulations through the integration of melatonin as a non-narcotic therapy within the Indonesian health law and narcotics law systems to ensure legal certainty, protection of the right to health, and sustainable recovery for narcotics addicts. The research is grounded in the academic problem that, although medical rehabilitation has been recognized under Indonesian narcotics law, there is no explicit regulation governing evidence-based non-narcotic therapies, resulting in legal uncertainty and the continued dominance of a penal approach in rehabilitation practices. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The novelty of this research lies in identifying the legal gap concerning evidence-based non-narcotic therapies and formulating a regulatory model for integrating melatonin into national rehabilitation standards, an issue that has not been comprehensively examined in previous studies. The findings indicate that the current rehabilitation framework remains characterized by normative inconsistency between health-oriented and penal-oriented approaches. Furthermore, melatonin possesses juridical and medical advantages because it is non-addictive, relatively safe, and consistent with the principles of evidence-based medicine. Therefore, harmonization between narcotics law and health law is necessary through the establishment of national rehabilitation guidelines that explicitly regulate non-narcotic supportive therapies to strengthen legal certainty, protect the right to health, and support sustainable recovery for narcotics addicts. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pembaruan pengaturan rehabilitasi medis melalui integrasi melatonin sebagai terapi non-narkotika dalam sistem hukum kesehatan dan hukum narkotika Indonesia guna menjamin kepastian hukum, perlindungan hak atas kesehatan, dan pemulihan pecandu narkotika secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini berangkat dari permasalahan akademik berupa belum adanya pengaturan yang secara eksplisit mengakomodasi terapi non-narkotika berbasis evidence-based medicine dalam sistem rehabilitasi narkotika nasional, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan memperkuat dominasi pendekatan penal dalam praktik rehabilitasi. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada identifikasi kekosongan hukum terkait terapi non-narkotika berbasis pembuktian ilmiah serta perumusan model pengaturan integrasi melatonin ke dalam standar rehabilitasi nasional yang belum dikaji secara komprehensif dalam penelitian terdahulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi rehabilitasi narkotika masih ditandai oleh ketidakharmonisan antara pendekatan kesehatan dan pendekatan penal. Selain itu, melatonin memiliki keunggulan yuridis dan medis karena bersifat non-adiktif, relatif aman, serta selaras dengan prinsip evidence-based medicine. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan harmonisasi antara hukum narkotika dan hukum kesehatan melalui pembentukan pedoman rehabilitasi nasional yang mengatur terapi pendukung non-narkotika guna memperkuat kepastian hukum dan pemulihan berkelanjutan.
Rekonstruksi Pengaturan Pelayanan Aborsi bagi Kelompok Rentan dalam Perspektif Hak Kesehatan Reproduksi
This study aims to formulate a legal reconstruction of abortion services for vulnerable groups from the perspective of reproductive health rights in Indonesia. Existing abortion regulations (Law No. 17/2023, Government Regulation No. 28/2024, and Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2/2025) continue to face normative and implementation gaps due to rigid bureaucratic procedures, criminal law ambiguities, social stigma, and legal uncertainty for medical personnel. Utilizing normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, this paper analyzes regulatory disharmonies and barriers to healthcare accessibility. The findings reveal the urgency of normative reconstruction through the reformulation of Articles 117 and 118 of Government Regulation No. 28/2024, encompassing simplified evidence mechanisms based on medical-psychological assessments, gestational age discretion, legal protection for medical personnel, and an integrated victim-centered service system with affirmative action. The novelty of this study lies in an integrative reconstruction model combining human rights approaches, Philipus M. Hadjon's legal protection theory, Gustav Radbruch's legal purpose theory, and affirmative action policies. Theoretically and practically, this study contributes significantly to advancing health law doctrines and providing a strategic policy framework for regulatory harmonization to achieve legal certainty, substantive justice, and inclusive fulfillment of reproductive health rights for vulnerable groups. Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan rekonstruksi hukum pelayanan aborsi bagi kelompok rentan dalam perspektif hak kesehatan reproduksi di Indonesia. Pengaturan aborsi yang berlaku (UU No. 17/2023, PP No. 28/2024, dan Permenkes No. 2/2025) masih menghadapi kesenjangan normatif dan implementatif akibat prosedur birokratis yang ketat, kerancuan pidana, stigma sosial, dan minimnya kepastian hukum bagi tenaga medis. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, kajian ini menganalisis disharmoni regulasi serta hambatan aksesibilitas layanan bagi kelompok rentan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlunya rekonstruksi normatif melalui reformulasi Pasal 117 dan Pasal 118 PP No. 28/2024 yang mencakup penyederhanaan mekanisme pembuktian berbasis asesmen medis-psikologis, diskresi usia kehamilan, perlindungan hukum bagi tenaga medis, serta pembentukan sistem pelayanan terpadu berbasis korban dan aksi afirmatif. Kebaruan (novelty) penelitian ini terletak pada formulasi model rekonstruksi yang secara integratif memadukan pendekatan hak asasi manusia, teori perlindungan hukum Philipus M. Hadjon, teori tujuan hukum Gustav Radbruch, dan kebijakan afirmatif. Secara teoretis dan praktis, penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam pengayaan doktrin hukum kesehatan serta menyediakan acuan kebijakan strategis untuk harmonisasi regulasi guna menjamin kepastian hukum, keadilan substantif, dan pemenuhan hak kesehatan reproduksi bagi kelompok rentan secara inklusif.
Overlapping Authority dalam Penegakan Hukum Korupsi: Studi Perbandingan Indonesia, Singapura, dan Hong Kong
This study examines the institutional design of corruption law enforcement in Indonesia and compares it with the anti-corruption frameworks of Singapore and Hong Kong. The urgency of this research stems from the persistence of overlapping authority among the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), the Indonesian National Police, and the Attorney General’s Office, which potentially undermines legal certainty, institutional accountability, and enforcement effectiveness. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative law approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of legal instruments and scholarly literature. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s multi-agency enforcement model creates jurisdictional fragmentation and overlapping authority, particularly in investigation, inquiry, supervision, and prosecution processes. In contrast, Singapore’s centralized model through the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) and Hong Kong’s integrated model through the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) provide clearer institutional mandates and stronger legal certainty. The novelty of this research lies in conceptualizing overlapping authority as a normative legal problem affecting legal certainty and proposing the concept of authority delimitation as a governance mechanism for corruption law enforcement. This study contributes theoretically to the discourse on the relationship between institutional design, legal certainty, and anti-corruption governance, while practically offering a model for strengthening inter-agency coordination, jurisdictional clarity, and institutional accountability within Indonesia’s anti-corruption framework. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis desain kelembagaan penegakan hukum tindak pidana korupsi di Indonesia serta membandingkannya dengan sistem pemberantasan korupsi di Singapura dan Hong Kong. Urgensi penelitian ini berangkat dari masih adanya overlapping authority antara Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK), Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, dan Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia yang berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum, menurunkan akuntabilitas kelembagaan, serta menghambat efektivitas penegakan hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan hukum yang dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui kajian peraturan perundang-undangan dan literatur ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model multi-lembaga di Indonesia menyebabkan fragmentasi yurisdiksi dan tumpang tindih kewenangan, khususnya pada tahap penyelidikan, penyidikan, supervisi, dan penuntutan. Sebaliknya, model terpusat di Singapura melalui Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) dan model integratif di Hong Kong melalui Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) mampu menciptakan kejelasan mandat kelembagaan dan kepastian hukum yang lebih kuat. Novelty penelitian ini terletak pada konseptualisasi overlapping authority sebagai persoalan hukum normatif yang memengaruhi kepastian hukum serta pengembangan konsep delimitasi kewenangan sebagai instrumen tata kelola penegakan hukum korupsi. Kontribusi penelitian ini memperkaya kajian teoritis mengenai hubungan antara desain kelembagaan, kepastian hukum, dan pemberantasan korupsi, sekaligus menawarkan formulasi penguatan koordinasi, kejelasan yurisdiksi, dan akuntabilitas kelembagaan dalam sistem penegakan hukum korupsi di Indonesia.
Rekonstruksi Asas Iktikad Baik dalam Alokasi Risiko Kontrak Energi
This study aims to reconstruct the principle of good faith as an equitable risk-allocation mechanism in energy contracts involving Electricity Sellers, Electricity Buyers, and Gas Suppliers. The urgency of this research stems from the persistence of trapped risk within Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) and Gas Supply Agreements (GSAs), where Electricity Sellers bear the consequences of gas supply disruptions beyond their control. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches analyzed through a qualitative-prescriptive framework. The findings reveal that the existing risk-allocation model fails to reflect contractual fairness because it is inconsistent with the risk follow control principle, while the application of force majeure remains confined to the doctrine of legal impossibility and inadequately addresses commercial impracticability. The novelty of this research lies in the doctrinal reconstruction of the good faith principle into a risk-follow-control-based framework implemented through deemed availability relief, incremental fuel cost pass-through, contractual rebalancing, and loss-sharing mechanisms. This framework strengthens legal certainty, commercial fairness, project bankability, and the sustainability of the energy transition toward Net Zero Emissions (NZE). Penelitian ini bertujuan merekonstruksi asas iktikad baik sebagai instrumen alokasi risiko yang berkeadilan dalam kontrak energi antara Penjual Jasa Listrik (PJL), Pembeli Listrik (PBL), dan Penyedia Gas (PSG). Urgensi penelitian berangkat dari praktik alokasi risiko dalam Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) dan Gas Supply Agreement (GSA) yang masih menimbulkan trapped risk, yaitu pembebanan risiko gangguan pasokan gas kepada PJL meskipun berada di luar kendalinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan komparatif yang dianalisis secara kualitatif-preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model alokasi risiko saat ini belum mencerminkan keadilan kontraktual karena tidak selaras dengan prinsip pengendalian risiko (risk follow control), sementara penerapan klausul force majeure masih berorientasi pada legal impossibility dan belum mengakomodasi commercial impracticability. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada rekonstruksi doktrinal asas iktikad baik menjadi prinsip alokasi risiko berbasis risk follow control melalui mekanisme deemed availability relief, incremental fuel cost pass-through, contractual rebalancing, dan loss sharing. Rekonstruksi ini berkontribusi dalam memperkuat kepastian hukum, keadilan komersial, bankability proyek, dan keberlanjutan transisi energi menuju Net Zero Emissions (NZE).
Rechterlijk Pardon dalam KUHP Nasional: Batas Diskresi dan Kepastian Hukum
This study aims to analyze the policy rationale underlying the regulation of judicial pardon (rechterlijk pardon) in the National Criminal Code and to formulate operational parameters for its implementation under Article 70 of the National Criminal Code. This issue is important because judicial pardon reflects a shift in Indonesian criminal law from a rigid retributive model toward a more humane approach based on substantive justice. Previous studies have generally focused on conceptual, comparative, and practical aspects of judicial pardon, but have not specifically formulated concrete operational parameters for judges in applying Article 70 of the National Criminal Code. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches supported by secondary legal materials analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the implementation of judicial pardon requires measurable normative indicators to prevent excessive judicial discretion and sentencing disparity. These indicators are classified into three categories, namely subjective parameters, including the offender’s age, first-offender status, remorse, and likelihood of reoffending; objective parameters, including the seriousness of the offense, level of loss, and degree of culpability; and social parameters, including victim recovery, reconciliation, social impact, and public interest. The study concludes that judicial pardon can only function effectively when supported by clear judicial guidelines, proportional reasoning, and balanced protection of offenders, victims, and legal certainty. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dasar kebijakan pengaturan asas pemaafan hakim (rechterlijk pardon) dalam KUHP Nasional serta merumuskan parameter operasional penerapannya dalam Pasal 70 KUHP Nasional. Persoalan ini penting karena asas pemaafan hakim mencerminkan pergeseran hukum pidana Indonesia dari model retributif yang kaku menuju pendekatan yang lebih manusiawi berbasis keadilan substantif. Penelitian terdahulu umumnya berfokus pada aspek konseptual, komparatif, dan praktik penerapan rechterlijk pardon, namun belum secara khusus merumuskan parameter operasional yang konkret bagi hakim dalam menerapkan Pasal 70 KUHP Nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis yang didukung oleh bahan hukum sekunder serta dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan asas pemaafan hakim memerlukan indikator normatif yang terukur guna mencegah diskresi hakim yang berlebihan dan disparitas pemidanaan. Indikator tersebut diklasifikasikan ke dalam tiga kategori, yaitu parameter subjektif yang meliputi usia pelaku, status pelaku pertama, penyesalan, dan kemungkinan residivisme; parameter objektif yang meliputi tingkat keseriusan tindak pidana, besarnya kerugian, dan derajat kesalahan; serta parameter sosial yang meliputi pemulihan korban, perdamaian, dampak sosial, dan kepentingan publik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa asas pemaafan hakim hanya dapat berfungsi efektif apabila didukung oleh pedoman yudisial yang jelas, pertimbangan yang proporsional, serta perlindungan yang seimbang terhadap pelaku, korban, dan kepastian hukum.
Legal Protection for MSMEs Against Fictitious Orders in ShopeeFood
This study examines the legal protection of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) against fictitious orders on the ShopeeFood platform, particularly within Cash on Delivery (COD) transactions that generate financial losses for merchants. The research employs a normative-empirical juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches supported by interviews with MSME actors in Medan City and analyses of relevant legal regulations and platform policies. The findings reveal that fictitious orders constitute a form of consumer default and, in certain circumstances, may also fulfill the elements of unlawful acts in electronic transactions because consumers intentionally fail to receive and pay for ordered goods. Although legal protection is normatively available through the Civil Code, Consumer Protection Law, and Electronic Information and Transactions Law, its implementation remains ineffective due to weak consumer verification systems, limited access to electronic evidence, unclear platform liability standards, and inadequate compensation mechanisms. The study further demonstrates that digital platforms cannot merely be regarded as passive intermediaries because they exercise substantial control over transaction systems, user data, payment mechanisms, and dispute resolution procedures. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis of the relationship between consumer default, platform accountability, and MSME protection within app-based food delivery ecosystems through a combined normative and empirical approach. This study contributes theoretically to the development of digital commerce liability discourse and practically proposes a regulatory framework emphasizing stronger platform accountability, technology-based fraud prevention, mandatory user verification, merchant compensation mechanisms, and accessible online dispute resolution systems to strengthen legal certainty and substantive protection for MSMEs in Indonesia’s digital economy.
Konflik Norma Pemanggilan Notaris dalam Perkara Pidana Perpajakan
This study aims to analyze the disharmony of norms concerning the summoning of notaries by law enforcement officials in tax crime cases between Article 66 of the Law on Notary Position and Article 7 paragraph (5) letter e of Supreme Court Regulation Number 3 of 2025. The urgency of this study arises from the absence of clear procedural synchronization, which creates legal uncertainty, overlapping authority, and potential violations of notarial confidentiality and due process of law. Previous studies have generally focused on the position of notaries as witnesses or on notarial ethics, but have not specifically examined the vertical normative conflict between the Law on Notary Position and Supreme Court Regulation Number 3 of 2025 in tax crime proceedings. This study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches with qualitative legal analysis. The findings reveal that the summoning of notaries in tax crime cases must still obtain prior approval from the Notary Honorary Council as mandated by Article 66 of the Law on Notary Position. The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of a vertical harmonization framework that positions the Law on Notary Position as the primary procedural norm and Supreme Court Regulation Number 3 of 2025 as a technical evidentiary norm, thereby strengthening legal certainty, ensuring due process of law, and protecting the dignity of the notarial office. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis disharmonisasi norma mengenai pemanggilan notaris oleh aparat penegak hukum dalam perkara pidana perpajakan antara Pasal 66 Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris dan Pasal 7 ayat (5) huruf e Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 3 Tahun 2025. Urgensi penelitian ini muncul karena belum adanya sinkronisasi prosedural yang jelas sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum, tumpang tindih kewenangan, serta potensi pelanggaran terhadap kerahasiaan jabatan notaris dan due process of law. Penelitian sebelumnya umumnya hanya membahas kedudukan notaris sebagai saksi atau etika profesi notaris, namun belum secara khusus mengkaji konflik norma vertikal antara UUJN dan Perma 3/2025 dalam perkara pidana perpajakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual serta analisis hukum kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanggilan notaris dalam perkara pidana perpajakan tetap wajib memperoleh persetujuan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 66 UUJN. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada perumusan kerangka harmonisasi vertikal yang menempatkan UUJN sebagai norma prosedural utama dan Perma 3/2025 sebagai norma teknis pembuktian, sehingga mampu memperkuat kepastian hukum, menjamin due process of law, dan melindungi martabat jabatan notaris.
Perbandingan Kepastian Hukum Kepemilikan Rumah Susun di Indonesia dan Singapura
This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing apartment ownership in Indonesia and Singapore and to compare the degree of legal certainty provided by both systems in protecting owners’ rights. Legal certainty of apartment ownership in Indonesia still faces several issues, including the dependence of Ownership Rights to Apartment Units (HMSRS) on land rights, a non-integrated registration system, and the evidentiary weakness of Apartment Ownership Certificates (SHMSRS) which remain challengeable. This research is important due to the limited comparative studies examining legal certainty of apartment ownership through indicators of ownership structure, registration systems, relationship with land rights, and evidentiary strength of ownership certificates. This research employs normative legal methods through statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that Indonesia still experiences regulatory fragmentation, dependence of HMSRS on land rights status, and a non-integrated registration system, while Singapore applies a centralized electronic registration system based on the principle of indefeasibility of title which provides stronger legal certainty. The study concludes that the integration of legal and registration systems constitutes the primary factor in determining legal certainty of apartment ownership. The novelty of this research lies in its comparative analysis that positions ownership structure, registration systems, relationship with land rights, and evidentiary strength of ownership certificates as the principal indicators of legal certainty in apartment ownership. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan hukum kepemilikan rumah susun di Indonesia dan Singapura serta membandingkan tingkat kepastian hukumnya dalam menjamin perlindungan hak pemilik. Kepastian hukum kepemilikan rumah susun di Indonesia masih menghadapi berbagai persoalan, seperti ketergantungan Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun (HMSRS) terhadap hak atas tanah, sistem registrasi yang belum terintegrasi, dan kekuatan pembuktian Sertifikat Hak Milik atas Satuan Rumah Susun (SHMSRS) yang masih dapat digugat. Penelitian ini penting dilakukan karena kajian komparatif mengenai kepastian hukum kepemilikan rumah susun melalui indikator struktur hak, sistem registrasi, hubungan dengan hak atas tanah, dan kekuatan bukti kepemilikan masih terbatas. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih menghadapi fragmentasi regulasi, ketergantungan HMSRS terhadap status hak atas tanah, dan sistem registrasi yang belum terintegrasi, sedangkan Singapura menerapkan registrasi elektronik terpusat dengan prinsip indefeasibility of title yang memberikan kepastian hukum lebih kuat. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa integrasi sistem hukum dan registrasi menjadi faktor utama dalam membangun kepastian hukum kepemilikan rumah susun. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada analisis komparatif yang menempatkan struktur hak, sistem registrasi, hubungan hak atas tanah, dan kekuatan bukti kepemilikan sebagai indikator utama kepastian hukum rumah susun.
Perlindungan Hukum Kerja Lembur dalam Hubungan Industrial di Kota Batam
This study aims to analyze the regulation of overtime work under Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 and the effectiveness of legal protection for workers in Batam City. This research is important because the high intensity of overtime practices in Batam’s industrial sector still results in violations of workers’ rights, including unpaid overtime wages and weak worker consent mechanisms. This study employs a normative juridical method through statutory, conceptual, and case approaches analyzed qualitatively using Soerjono Soekanto’s theory of legal effectiveness and Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory. The findings reveal that overtime regulation under Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 has been normatively comprehensive, yet its implementation remains ineffective due to weak labor supervision, unequal bargaining positions, and an industrial culture that normalizes overtime work. The study concludes that legal protection for overtime work in Batam City remains formal-procedural and has not fully ensured substantive protection for workers. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analysis of overtime protection through the perspectives of legal effectiveness theory and legal system theory within Batam’s manufacturing-based industrial relations. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaturan kerja lembur berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 35 Tahun 2021 serta efektivitas perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja di Kota Batam. Penelitian ini penting karena tingginya praktik kerja lembur di sektor industri Batam masih menimbulkan pelanggaran hak pekerja, seperti tidak dibayarkannya upah lembur dan lemahnya persetujuan kerja lembur. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus yang dianalisis secara kualitatif menggunakan teori efektivitas hukum Soerjono Soekanto dan teori sistem hukum Lawrence M. Friedman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan kerja lembur dalam PP 35/2021 secara normatif telah cukup komprehensif, namun implementasinya belum efektif akibat lemahnya pengawasan ketenagakerjaan, ketimpangan posisi tawar pekerja, dan budaya industrial yang menormalisasi lembur. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perlindungan hukum kerja lembur di Kota Batam masih bersifat formal-prosedural dan belum sepenuhnya memberikan perlindungan substantif bagi pekerja. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada analisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum kerja lembur melalui integrasi teori efektivitas hukum dan teori sistem hukum dalam konteks hubungan industrial kawasan manufaktur Batam.
Penyelesaian Wanprestasi dalam Hubungan Kontraktual Wedding Organizer dan Vendor
This study aims to analyzes the contractual relationship between wedding organizers (WO) and vendors and examines the resolution of breaches of contract in wedding event cooperation. Previous studies generally discuss breach of contract in broad civil law contexts and have not specifically examined the legal relationship between WO and vendors in the creative service industry. In practice, disputes frequently arise due to delays, unilateral cancellations, service discrepancies, and payment defaults, creating legal uncertainty for the parties. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through the analysis of legislation, legal doctrines, and relevant literature. The findings reveal that the relationship between WO and vendors constitutes a contractual partnership based on valid agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code, giving rise to reciprocal rights and obligations founded on the principles of freedom of contract, good faith, legal certainty, and contractual balance. Breach of contract commonly occurs in the form of delayed performance, non-conformity of services, unilateral cancellation, and delayed payment. The study further finds that non-litigation mechanisms, particularly negotiation and mediation, are more effective because they are flexible, efficient, and capable of preserving long-term business relationships. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kontraktual antara wedding organizer (WO) dan vendor serta mengkaji penyelesaian wanprestasi dalam kerja sama penyelenggaraan wedding event. Penelitian terdahulu umumnya masih membahas wanprestasi dalam konteks hukum perdata secara umum dan belum secara khusus mengkaji hubungan hukum antara WO dan vendor dalam industri jasa kreatif. Dalam praktiknya, sengketa sering terjadi akibat keterlambatan, pembatalan sepihak, ketidaksesuaian layanan, dan wanprestasi pembayaran yang menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum bagi para pihak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui analisis peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, dan literatur yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hubungan hukum antara WO dan vendor merupakan kemitraan kontraktual yang lahir dari perjanjian sah berdasarkan KUHPerdata dan menimbulkan hak serta kewajiban timbal balik berdasarkan asas kebebasan berkontrak, itikad baik, kepastian hukum, dan keseimbangan kontrak. Wanprestasi umumnya terjadi dalam bentuk keterlambatan pelaksanaan pekerjaan, ketidaksesuaian layanan, pembatalan sepihak, dan keterlambatan pembayaran. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa mekanisme non-litigasi, khususnya negosiasi dan mediasi, lebih efektif diterapkan karena fleksibel, efisien, dan mampu menjaga keberlanjutan hubungan bisnis para pihak.
Pertanggungjawaban Korporasi atas Kontaminasi Celsium 137: Analisis Strict Liability di Cikande
This study aims to analyze regulatory fragmentation in the supervision of radioactive materials within Indonesia’s non-nuclear industrial sector and reconstruct the application of strict liability for corporate accountability in radioactive contamination cases. The research is motivated by the Cesium-137 contamination incident in Cikande, which revealed regulatory gaps and institutional disharmony that weakened preventive environmental protection. Using a normative legal method with statute, conceptual, and case approaches, this study examines regulatory coherence through vertical-horizontal synchronization analysis. The findings indicate that although Article 88 of the Environmental Protection and Management Law provides a legal basis for strict liability, its implementation remains constrained by the absence of radiological causation guidelines, fragmented institutional authority, and inadequate remediation funding mechanisms. The novelty of this research lies in extending strict liability beyond the licensed nuclear sector to encompass orphan sources within non-nuclear industries through a risk-based environmental liability framework. This study contributes to the development of environmental liability doctrine and offers a regulatory harmonization model to strengthen legal certainty, corporate accountability, and environmental governance. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis fragmentasi regulasi dalam pengawasan material radioaktif pada sektor industri non-nuklir di Indonesia serta merekonstruksi penerapan strict liability sebagai dasar pertanggungjawaban korporasi atas pencemaran radioaktif. Urgensi penelitian berangkat dari kasus kontaminasi Cesium-137 di Cikande yang mengungkap adanya kekosongan norma dan disharmonisasi kewenangan antarlembaga sehingga melemahkan fungsi pencegahan lingkungan. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus yang dianalisis melalui sinkronisasi vertikal-horizontal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Pasal 88 UU PPLH memberikan dasar penerapan strict liability, efektivitasnya masih terkendala oleh ketiadaan pedoman kausalitas radiologis, fragmentasi kewenangan, dan belum adanya mekanisme pendanaan remediasi yang memadai. Kebaruan (novelty) penelitian ini terletak pada perluasan konstruksi strict liability dari sektor nuklir berizin menuju orphan sources pada industri non-nuklir melalui pendekatan risk-based environmental liability. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan doktrin pertanggungjawaban lingkungan serta menawarkan model harmonisasi regulasi untuk memperkuat kepastian hukum, akuntabilitas korporasi, dan tata kelola lingkungan yang berkelanjutan.
Keabsahan Emas Digital pada Platform DANA dalam Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam
This study aims to analyze the legality of digital gold transactions through the eMAS feature on the DANA application under Indonesian positive law and Islamic law. This research is motivated by the normative gap regarding the legal status of digital gold as an electronic transaction object, the validity of digitally recorded ownership, and the problem of qabd in non-physical gold transactions under Islamic law. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches through library research on legislation, legal doctrines, and Islamic legal fatwas. The novelty of this study lies in constructing the legality parameters of digital gold through the integration of electronic contract law and the concept of qabd hukmi based on indicators of digital object validity, legal certainty, underlying asset existence, and electronic delivery mechanisms. The findings reveal that digital gold transactions are principally valid under positive law insofar as they fulfill the legal requirements of contracts, are supported by valid electronic contracts, possess real underlying assets, and guarantee consumer protection. Under Islamic law, such transactions are permissible provided that they fulfill the principle of an-tarāḍin, are free from riba and gharar, and satisfy qabd hukmi as a form of legal possession over the transaction object. The study concludes that the legality of digital gold is conditional legality that depends on legal certainty, custodian transparency, and the validity of digital delivery. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keabsahan transaksi emas digital melalui fitur eMAS pada aplikasi DANA berdasarkan hukum positif Indonesia dan hukum Islam. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kekosongan norma mengenai status hukum emas digital sebagai objek transaksi elektronik, validitas kepemilikan berbasis saldo digital, serta problem qabd dalam transaksi emas nonfisik menurut hukum Islam. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap regulasi, doktrin hukum, dan fatwa syariah. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada konstruksi parameter legalitas emas digital berbasis integrasi hukum kontrak elektronik dan konsep qabd hukmi melalui indikator validitas objek digital, kepastian hak, keberadaan underlying asset, dan mekanisme penyerahan elektronik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transaksi emas digital pada prinsipnya sah menurut hukum positif sepanjang memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian, didukung kontrak elektronik yang valid, memiliki underlying asset yang nyata, dan menjamin perlindungan konsumen. Dalam hukum Islam, transaksi dapat dibenarkan sepanjang memenuhi prinsip an-tarāḍin, terbebas dari riba dan gharar, serta terpenuhinya qabd hukmi sebagai bentuk penguasaan hukum atas objek transaksi. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa legalitas emas digital bersifat conditional legality yang bergantung pada kepastian hak, transparansi kustodian, dan validitas penyerahan digital.
Criminal Liability in Abortion Cases: Participation Doctrine under Indonesia’s New Penal Code
This study aims to examine the construction of criminal liability for participants in abortion-related offenses and evaluate judicial reasoning in Decision Number 721/Pid.Sus/2019/PN Cikarang, and assess its compatibility with the paradigm shift introduced by Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code. The research is motivated by the persistent doctrinal ambiguity in distinguishing co-perpetrators (medepleger) from accomplices (medeplichtige) in abortion cases, which creates uncertainty in attributing criminal responsibility and determining proportional sanctions. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, doctrinal, and case approaches, this study analyzes relevant legal norms, judicial considerations, and the evolving framework of criminal liability under Indonesia’s criminal law reform. The findings demonstrate that the defendant’s liability was established through active participation in facilitating an unlawful abortion and was judicially classified as a co-perpetrator. However, the decision reveals a conceptual weakness in differentiating essential participation from auxiliary assistance, resulting in a predominantly formalistic application of participation doctrine. The study further finds that Law Number 1 of 2023 introduces a more contextual and differentiated model of criminal liability through clearer role attribution, proportional sentencing, and recognition of humanitarian considerations. The novelty of this research lies in integrating participation doctrine with the theory of functional perpetration and a comparative analysis of the old and new Criminal Codes to develop a more precise framework for assessing facilitators’ criminal responsibility in abortion-related offenses. The study contributes to the refinement of Indonesian criminal law by advancing a proportional, contextual, and human rights-oriented approach to participation and sentencing.
Penyelesaian Sengketa Hak Cipta Lagu Nuansa Bening Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 Tentang Hak Cipta
This study aims to analyze the dispute resolution mechanism of the copyright case concerning the song Nuansa Bening and the legal consequences arising under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright. The background of this research is based on the increasing number of copyright violations in the digital era, particularly in the music industry, marked by unauthorized use of works and unclear royalty distribution. The urgency of this study lies in providing legal certainty and protection of both moral and economic rights of song creators in dispute resolution practices. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through the analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The novelty of this study lies in the use of a specific case study of the song Nuansa Bening to examine the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms and their legal implications, which have rarely been explored in previous studies. The results indicate that dispute resolution can be pursued through both non-litigation and litigation mechanisms; however, in practice, the lawsuit was declared inadmissible due to formal defects, particularly the absence of necessary parties. Consequently, substantive legal protection could not be applied, highlighting that the effectiveness of copyright enforcement depends not only on the substance of violations but also on procedural accuracy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa hak cipta lagu Nuansa Bening serta akibat hukum yang timbul berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada meningkatnya pelanggaran hak cipta di era digital, khususnya dalam industri musik, yang ditandai dengan penggunaan karya tanpa izin dan ketidakjelasan pembagian royalti. Urgensi penelitian ini terletak pada pentingnya memberikan kepastian hukum serta perlindungan terhadap hak moral dan hak ekonomi pencipta lagu dalam praktik penyelesaian sengketa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan Perundang-Undangan dan konseptual melalui analisis bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada penggunaan studi kasus konkret lagu Nuansa Bening untuk mengkaji efektivitas mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa serta implikasi hukum yang timbul, yang selama ini masih jarang dianalisis secara spesifik dalam penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian sengketa dapat ditempuh melalui jalur non-litigasi dan litigasi, namun dalam praktiknya gugatan yang diajukan dinyatakan tidak dapat diterima akibat cacat formil berupa kurang pihak. Akibatnya, perlindungan hukum secara substantif tidak dapat diterapkan, sehingga menegaskan bahwa keberhasilan penegakan hak cipta tidak hanya bergantung pada substansi pelanggaran, tetapi juga pada ketepatan prosedur hukum.
Kedudukan Royalti Hak Cipta sebagai Harta Bersama Pasca Perceraian
This study aims to analyze the legal status of song copyright royalties as joint marital property after divorce and their legal implications within the Indonesian legal system. The urgency of this research stems from the existing regulatory vacuum regarding the status and distribution mechanism of copyright royalties generated during marriage, which has created legal uncertainty and increased the potential for prolonged property disputes. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of legal materials obtained through library research. The findings reveal that copyright royalties generated and economically exploited during marriage may be classified as joint marital property because they constitute economic rights with proprietary value, despite the sui generis nature of copyright that remains inherently attached to the creator. The West Jakarta Religious Court Decision Number 1622/Pdt.G/2023/PA.JB reinforces the legal construction that royalties may be divided as joint property without diminishing the creator’s moral rights. The novelty of this study lies in the development of the concept of sustainable economic assets, which reconceptualizes copyright royalties as intangible assets that continuously generate economic benefits and remain divisible after divorce. The study contributes to the expansion of the doctrine of marital property in Indonesian family law by incorporating intellectual property-derived income into the category of joint assets and provides a conceptual framework for future regulations governing post-divorce royalty distribution. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan hukum royalti hak cipta lagu sebagai harta bersama pasca perceraian serta implikasi hukumnya dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Urgensi penelitian ini berangkat dari kekosongan norma yang menyebabkan belum adanya pengaturan yang jelas mengenai status dan mekanisme pembagian royalti hak cipta yang diperoleh selama perkawinan, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan potensi sengketa yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual yang dianalisis secara kualitatif melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa royalti hak cipta yang lahir dan menghasilkan manfaat ekonomi selama perkawinan dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai harta bersama karena merupakan hak ekonomi yang memiliki nilai kebendaan, meskipun hak cipta tetap memiliki karakter sui generis yang melekat pada pencipta. Putusan Pengadilan Agama Jakarta Barat Nomor 1622/Pdt.G/2023/PA.JB memperkuat konstruksi hukum bahwa royalti dapat menjadi objek pembagian harta bersama tanpa menghilangkan hak moral pencipta. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada pengembangan konsep aset ekonomi berkelanjutan (sustainable economic assets) yang menempatkan royalti hak cipta sebagai aset tidak berwujud yang menghasilkan manfaat ekonomi secara terus-menerus dan tetap dapat dibagi pasca perceraian. Kontribusi penelitian ini adalah memperluas doktrin harta bersama dalam hukum keluarga Indonesia dengan memasukkan pendapatan berbasis kekayaan intelektual sebagai objek harta perkawinan.
Substantive Transparency of Judicial Review Decisions in Digital Constitutional Platforms
This study examines the substantive transparency of judicial review decisions on the Constitutional Court’s digital platform within the framework of good constitutional governance. The research addresses a critical gap in existing scholarship and regulatory practice, which predominantly emphasize administrative transparency and procedural digitalization while neglecting the accessibility and comprehensibility of constitutional legal reasoning (ratio decidendi). Using a normative-policy approach, the study combines regulatory analysis of Constitutional Court Regulation No. 8 of 2019 and No. 10 of 2023, doctrinal examination of selected constitutional review decisions, and conceptual analysis grounded in legal informatics and open justice principles. The findings demonstrate that the current digital platform primarily functions as an administrative repository and fails to ensure substantive transparency due to the absence of structured reasoning disclosure, semantic information architecture, standardized explanatory formats, and cognitively accessible legal communication. Consequently, digital transparency remains formally compliant yet substantively limited in promoting constitutional accountability and democratic participation. The novelty of this research lies in the development of an integrative analytical framework connecting jurisprudential theory, legal informatics, and constitutional governance through the dimensions of clarity, structure, consistency, and accessibility as indicators of substantive judicial transparency. This study contributes theoretically by redefining digital judicial platforms as normative instruments of democratic constitutional accountability and practically by proposing governance-oriented standards for ratio decidendi disclosure, semantic tagging, user-centered platform design, and participatory transparency mechanisms in constitutional adjudication.
Konstruksi Hubungan Hukum dalam Kontrak Elektronik Ojek Online dan Perlindungan Konsumen
This study analyzes the legal relationship construction in online motorcycle taxi electronic contracts and the conformity of liability limitation clauses with Consumer Protection Law. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The findings reveal that electronic contracts in online transportation platforms formally fulfill the validity requirements of agreements under the Indonesian Civil Code and are recognized under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. However, liability limitation clauses in standard contracts tend to transfer risks to consumers and driver-partners. Such clauses contradict Article 18 of the Consumer Protection Law because they limit business liability and reduce consumers’ rights to compensation. The study further finds that digital platforms cannot merely be regarded as intermediaries, as they exercise substantial control over transactions, pricing systems, payment mechanisms, and dispute resolution. The novelty of this research lies in its analysis of the tripartite legal relationship between platforms, driver-partners, and consumers through a function-based and control-based approach in attributing legal responsibility. The study emphasizes the importance of fair consumer protection within the digital ecosystem. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konstruksi hubungan hukum dalam kontrak elektronik layanan ojek online serta kesesuaian klausula pembatasan tanggung jawab dengan Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontrak elektronik pada platform ojek online secara formal memenuhi syarat sah perjanjian berdasarkan KUHPerdata dan diakui melalui UU ITE. Namun, praktik klausula pembatasan tanggung jawab dalam kontrak baku cenderung mengalihkan risiko kepada konsumen dan mitra pengemudi. Klausula tersebut bertentangan dengan Pasal 18 Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen karena membatasi tanggung jawab pelaku usaha dan mengurangi hak konsumen memperoleh ganti rugi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa platform digital tidak dapat diposisikan hanya sebagai perantara, karena memiliki kontrol nyata terhadap transaksi, penentuan tarif, pembayaran, dan penyelesaian sengketa. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada analisis hubungan hukum tripartit antara platform, mitra pengemudi, dan konsumen dengan pendekatan berbasis fungsi dan tingkat kontrol dalam distribusi tanggung jawab hukum. Penelitian menegaskan pentingnya perlindungan konsumen yang berkeadilan dalam ekosistem digital.
Kewenangan Hukum Pemadam Kebakaran dalam Penanganan Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan
This study analyzes the legal authority of the Fire and Rescue Service (Damkar) in managing forest and land fires (Karhutla) in Lingga Regency and examines intergovernmental coordination in its implementation. The study is significant due to the increasing incidence of Karhutla and the lack of explicit legal provisions defining Damkar’s authority within the forest and land fire governance framework. Employing an empirical legal method with a descriptive-analytical approach, data were collected through interviews, document analysis, and literature review, and analyzed using administrative law and governmental authority perspectives. The findings reveal that Damkar’s involvement in Karhutla management is conducted through cross-sectoral coordination involving BPBD, TNI, Polri, subdistrict administrations, and village governments. Juridically, Damkar’s authority does not originate from a specific delegation of power but from institutional attribution and administrative mandates attached to local government functions in public protection and basic services. The novelty of this study lies in reconceptualizing Damkar as an administrative instrument of local government in ecological disaster governance rather than merely a firefighting institution. This study contributes to administrative law scholarship by clarifying the relationship between attributed authority, administrative mandates, and inter-agency coordination in disaster management, while offering a governance model that strengthens legal certainty, institutional accountability, and the effectiveness of forest and land fire management through regulatory harmonization, integrated operational standards, and collaborative governance mechanisms. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kewenangan hukum Pemadam Kebakaran (Damkar) dalam penanganan kebakaran hutan dan lahan (Karhutla) di Kabupaten Lingga serta mengkaji koordinasi antarorgan pemerintahan dalam pelaksanaannya. Urgensi penelitian ini didasarkan pada meningkatnya kejadian Karhutla dan belum adanya pengaturan yang secara tegas mengatur kewenangan Damkar dalam sistem tata kelola penanganan kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum empiris dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis melalui wawancara, studi dokumen, dan studi kepustakaan yang dianalisis menggunakan perspektif Hukum Administrasi Negara dan teori kewenangan pemerintahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keterlibatan Damkar dalam penanganan Karhutla dilaksanakan melalui koordinasi lintas sektor bersama BPBD, TNI, Polri, pemerintah kecamatan, dan pemerintah desa. Secara yuridis, kewenangan Damkar tidak bersumber dari delegasi kewenangan khusus, melainkan berasal dari atribusi kelembagaan dan mandat administratif yang melekat pada fungsi pemerintah daerah di bidang perlindungan masyarakat dan pelayanan dasar. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada rekonstruksi konsep Damkar sebagai instrumen administratif pemerintah daerah dalam tata kelola bencana ekologis, bukan sekadar institusi pemadam kebakaran. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan Hukum Administrasi Negara melalui penegasan hubungan antara atribusi kewenangan, mandat administratif, dan koordinasi antarlembaga dalam penanganan bencana, sekaligus menawarkan model tata kelola kolaboratif yang memperkuat kepastian hukum, akuntabilitas kelembagaan, dan efektivitas penanganan Karhutla melalui harmonisasi regulasi, standar operasional terpadu, dan sinergi antarlembaga.
Klausula Hak Cipta dalam Kontrak Baku Jasa Fotografi Panggung
This study analyzes the legal consequences and liability arising from the absence of copyright clauses in standard stage photography service agreements within Indonesia’s creative industry. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the research examines the Indonesian Civil Code and Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The findings reveal that the absence of copyright clauses does not invalidate the agreement because Article 36 of the Copyright Law confirms that copyright remains vested in the photographer unless expressly transferred through a written agreement. The study further identifies that commercial use of photographs beyond the implied purpose of documentation may constitute breach of contract or tort liability. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis of contractual ambiguity in stage photography agreements through the harmonization of contract law and copyright law. This study contributes to strengthening preventive legal protection and recommends explicit copyright clauses to ensure legal certainty, equitable liability, and distributive justice within Indonesia’s creative industry ecosystem. Penelitian ini menganalisis akibat hukum dan pertanggungjawaban para pihak akibat absennya klausula hak cipta dalam kontrak baku jasa fotografi panggung di industri kreatif Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual melalui analisis Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekosongan klausula hak cipta tidak menyebabkan perjanjian batal demi hukum karena Pasal 36 UU Hak Cipta menegaskan hak cipta tetap melekat pada fotografer kecuali dialihkan melalui perjanjian tertulis. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa pemanfaatan karya secara komersial di luar tujuan dokumentasi dapat menimbulkan wanprestasi maupun perbuatan melawan hukum. Novelty penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif mengenai ambiguitas kontraktual dalam jasa fotografi panggung melalui harmonisasi hukum kontrak dan hukum hak cipta. Kontribusi penelitian ini memberikan penguatan perlindungan hukum preventif serta rekomendasi pencantuman klausula hak cipta secara eksplisit guna menjamin kepastian hukum, proporsionalitas tanggung jawab, dan keadilan distributif dalam ekosistem industri kreatif Indonesia.
Relationship Between Hospitals And Doctors Based On The Principle Of Justice
This research investigates the legal dynamics of hospital-physician partnerships, evaluating them against the principles of Commutative and Distributive Justice. While these relationships are normatively grounded in the principle of freedom of contract under the Indonesian Civil Code, a significant discrepancy exists between theory and practice. The study reveals that the "independent contractor" status often masks a subordinate employment relationship, creating structural injustice due to the unequal bargaining power between physicians and institutions. This imbalance is further complicated by a legal vacuum regarding contract standardization, which often shifts the burden of liability onto physicians through recourse rights while obscuring corporate accountability. To rectify these inequities, the study proposes the integration of legal regimes via legal analogy (analogia iuris) to ensure proportional justice and legal certainty. Moving forward, the research emphasizes the urgent need for government-issued regulations to standardize agreements and eliminate "take-it-or-leave-it" contracts. Furthermore, hospitals must refine their internal clauses to ensure fair risk distribution, while professional bodies like the Indonesian Medical Association (IDI) should provide standardized templates and advocacy. These collective measures are essential to safeguarding clinical autonomy, strengthening physician bargaining power, and ensuring a transparent, protected healthcare ecosystem for both medical professionals and patients.
Regulasi Pelaksana Pajak Karbon dalam MendukungTarget Nationally Determined Contribution Indonesia
This study examines the urgency of establishing and implementing regulations for carbon taxation in Indonesia and formulates an ideal regulatory model to support the achievement of Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. Although carbon taxation has been legally recognized under the Harmonization of Tax Regulations Law and Presidential Regulation on Carbon Economic Value, its implementation remains ineffective due to the absence of comprehensive implementing regulations governing emission measurement and verification, tariff calculation, tax collection, supervision, and incentive mechanisms. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches by analyzing carbon tax regulations in Indonesia, Singapore, Finland, and India. The findings demonstrate that the lack of operational legal instruments has created legal uncertainty and hindered the effectiveness of carbon taxation as an environmental fiscal policy instrument. This study further argues that a Government Regulation is required to operationalize Article 13 of the Harmonization of Tax Regulations Law and provide legal certainty for stakeholders. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis linking the absence of implementing regulations with the obstacles to achieving Indonesia’s NDC targets, while proposing a comparative and adaptive regulatory framework suited to Indonesia’s legal and economic conditions. The study contributes theoretically to the development of environmental tax law and practically to the formulation of a more effective, equitable, and sustainable carbon tax policy in Indonesia. Penelitian ini menganalisis urgensi pembentukan regulasi pelaksana pajak karbon di Indonesia serta merumuskan model pengaturan yang ideal guna mendukung pencapaian target Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Indonesia. Meskipun pajak karbon telah memiliki dasar hukum melalui Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan dan Peraturan Presiden tentang Nilai Ekonomi Karbon, implementasinya belum berjalan optimal akibat belum adanya regulasi pelaksana yang mengatur secara komprehensif mekanisme pengukuran dan verifikasi emisi, penetapan tarif, pemungutan, pengawasan, dan pemberian insentif. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan melalui analisis pengaturan pajak karbon di Indonesia, Singapura, Finlandia, dan India. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekosongan instrumen hukum operasional telah menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum dan menghambat efektivitas pajak karbon sebagai instrumen kebijakan fiskal lingkungan. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa peraturan pemerintah diperlukan untuk mengoperasionalkan Pasal 13 Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Peraturan Perpajakan dan memberikan kepastian hukum bagi para pihak. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada analisis integratif mengenai hubungan antara kekosongan regulasi pelaksana dan hambatan pencapaian target NDC Indonesia, sekaligus menawarkan model regulasi komparatif dan adaptif yang sesuai dengan sistem hukum serta kondisi ekonomi nasional. Kontribusi penelitian ini memberikan penguatan teoretis dalam pengembangan hukum pajak lingkungan dan kontribusi praktis bagi pembentukan kebijakan pajak karbon yang lebih efektif, berkeadilan, dan berkelanjutan di Indonesia.
A Socio-Legal Model of Local Wisdom-Based Child Protection in Sexual Violence Cases
This study aims to analyze and formulate a local wisdom–based model for strengthening child protection in sexual violence cases within the Buton Archipelago community. Employing a socio-legal research method, this study examines customary practices in Central Buton, South Buton, and Buton Regency. The findings reveal that each region applies distinctive customary sanctions: Central Buton imposes social sanctions and ritual oaths, including partial burial or the pocong oath; South Buton enforces the payment of boka (customary fines); and Buton Regency applies exile, fines, and the Kaleoleo sea ritual as a form of moral verification. Despite these differences, all customary institutions adopt deliberative decision-making involving religious and traditional leaders. The study concludes that integrating local wisdom into the formal child protection framework can enhance legal effectiveness, social legitimacy, and victim protection. Regulatory reform at both legislative and regional levels is recommended to institutionalize this culturally responsive protection model.
Humor Seksis sebagai Kekerasan Non-Fisik: Pendekatan Dampak Korban dalam UU TPKS
This study examines the ambiguity of the phrase “degrading human dignity” in Article 5 of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS) in addressing sexist humor as a form of non-physical sexual violence. The research is motivated by the absence of objective legal parameters in interpreting verbal sexual harassment, causing law enforcement to remain heavily dependent on proving the perpetrator’s mens rea while neglecting the actual impact experienced by victims. This normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches using qualitative legal analysis through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings reveal that sexist humor may be categorized as non-physical sexual harassment when it contains sexual objectification, gender stereotypes, unequal power relations, and causes psychological or social harm to victims. The study identifies that the main weakness of Article 5 UU TPKS lies in the lack of objective standards for interpreting the element of “degrading human dignity,” resulting in inconsistent and subjective law enforcement practices. The novelty of this research lies in the formulation of a victim-impact standard consisting of five objective indicators, namely psychological harm, the reasonable person test, power relations, gender stereotypes, and social environment. This research contributes theoretically to the development of criminal law and victimology through a victim-oriented approach and practically provides interpretative guidance for law enforcement in handling non-physical sexual violence cases more consistently, adaptively, and protectively. Penelitian ini mengkaji kekaburan frasa “merendahkan harkat dan martabat” dalam Pasal 5 Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU TPKS) dalam mengklasifikasikan humor seksis sebagai bentuk kekerasan seksual nonfisik. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum adanya parameter hukum yang objektif dalam menafsirkan pelecehan seksual verbal, sehingga penegakan hukum masih bertumpu pada pembuktian mens rea pelaku dan belum berorientasi pada dampak yang dialami korban. Penelitian hukum normatif ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan perbandingan dengan analisis kualitatif melalui interpretasi gramatikal, sistematis, dan teleologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa humor seksis dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai pelecehan seksual nonfisik apabila mengandung objektifikasi seksual, stereotip gender, relasi kuasa yang timpang, serta menimbulkan dampak psikologis maupun sosial terhadap korban. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kelemahan utama Pasal 5 UU TPKS terletak pada tidak adanya parameter objektif dalam menafsirkan unsur “merendahkan harkat dan martabat” sehingga penegakan hukum cenderung subjektif dan inkonsisten. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada perumusan model victim-impact standard melalui lima indikator utama, yaitu dampak psikologis korban, reasonable person test, relasi kuasa, stereotip gender, dan lingkungan sosial sebagai parameter objektif penilaian hukum. Penelitian ini berkontribusi secara teoritis terhadap pengembangan hukum pidana dan viktimologi berbasis perlindungan korban serta secara praktis memberikan pedoman interpretatif bagi aparat penegak hukum dalam menangani kekerasan seksual nonfisik secara lebih konsisten, adaptif, dan responsif terhadap perlindungan martabat korban.
Legal Implications of Mixed Marriage Annulment on Nominee Agreement Land Ownership Schemes
This study examines the normative tension between marriage law and agrarian law in determining the legal status of land acquired in mixed marriages that are subsequently annulled. The urgency of this research arises from the normative gap regarding the status of joint property after annulment and the use of nominee agreements to circumvent restrictions on foreign land ownership under Indonesian agrarian law. Previous studies have generally discussed marriage annulment, joint property, or nominee arrangements separately, without integrating marriage law, agrarian law, and contract law into a single analytical framework. This research employs normative juridical methods using statutory and case approaches through the analysis of legislation, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The novelty of this study lies in the integrated doctrinal framework that positions marriage annulment as an entry point for courts to identify legal circumvention and reassess contractual structures related to land control by foreign nationals. The findings reveal that land acquired through nominee arrangements cannot be classified as joint marital property because agrarian law restrictions prevail over private contractual arrangements. Nominee agreements are null and void due to unlawful causa, while financial contributions by foreign nationals do not create proprietary rights over land. This study concludes that marriage annulment functions not only to invalidate marital status but also to restore compliance with agrarian law and prevent disguised foreign land control.
Konstitusionalitas Program Makan Bergizi Gratis Terhadap Hak Pendidikan Dasar
This study aims to analyze the constitutional responsibility of the state in financing basic education, evaluate the legal position of the Free Nutritious Meals Program (MBG) within the national budget priority structure, and formulate a reorientation of fiscal legal policy to ensure equitable educational access. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by systematic and teleological legal interpretation. The findings reveal that although MBG holds legitimacy as a human capital development policy, its current consumption-based financing model poses risks of inefficiency, weak accountability, and potential crowding-out effects on constitutionally mandated education spending. Consequently, the program may be conditionally unconstitutional if it undermines access to and quality of basic education. The novelty of this study lies in integrating constitutional law, public finance law, and social policy analysis into a unified framework, alongside the introduction of the Absolute Financial Accessibility concept as a basis for restructuring fiscal priorities. This study contributes theoretically by advancing an integrative constitutional-fiscal approach and practically by proposing a shift toward non-perishable education-oriented spending to strengthen accountability, efficiency, and the substantive fulfillment of the right to education. policy analysis into a unified framework, alongside the introduction of the Absolute Financial Accessibility concept as a basis for restructuring fiscal priorities. This study contributes theoretically by advancing an integrative constitutional-fiscal approach and practically by proposing a shift toward non-perishable education-oriented spending to strengthen accountability, efficiency, and the substantive fulfillment of the right to education. Keywords: Constitutional Rights; Free Nutritious Meals; Right to Basic Education; State Fiscal Policy Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tanggung jawab konstitusional negara dalam pembiayaan pendidikan dasar, mengevaluasi kedudukan hukum program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) dalam struktur prioritas anggaran negara, serta merumuskan reorientasi politik hukum anggaran guna menjamin akses pendidikan yang berkeadilan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual yang didukung oleh interpretasi sistematis dan teleologis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun MBG memiliki legitimasi sebagai kebijakan pembangunan sumber daya manusia, desain pembiayaan berbasis konsumsi harian berpotensi menimbulkan inefisiensi, lemahnya akuntabilitas, serta efek crowding-out terhadap anggaran pendidikan yang bersifat mandatory. Kondisi tersebut menempatkan kebijakan ini sebagai berpotensi inkonstitusional bersyarat apabila berdampak pada penurunan akses dan kualitas pendidikan dasar. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi analisis hukum konstitusi, hukum keuangan negara, dan kebijakan sosial dalam satu kerangka normatif, serta pengenalan konsep Aksesibilitas Finansial Absolut sebagai dasar reorientasi anggaran. Penelitian ini berkontribusi secara teoretis melalui penguatan pendekatan integratif konstitusional-fiskal dan secara praktis melalui rekomendasi pergeseran belanja menuju sektor pendidikan berbasis non-perishable guna meningkatkan akuntabilitas, efisiensi, dan pemenuhan hak pendidikan secara substantif.
Kedudukan dan Pemenuhan Hak Kreditur Pemegang Hak Tanggungan Dalam Proses Kepailitan Debitur
This study aims to analyze the legal position of mortgage right holders in debtor bankruptcy proceedings and evaluate the fulfillment of their rights in executing collateral. The issue arises from the disharmony between secured transactions law, which grants direct execution rights to creditors, and bankruptcy law, which places all debtor assets under the control of the curator, leading to legal uncertainty. This research employs normative legal methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that mortgage right holders are recognized as secured or separatist creditors with preferential rights; however, the execution process encounters obstacles such as temporary suspension, curator authority, and administrative complexity. The novelty of this study lies in the formulation of a normative harmonization concept between bankruptcy law and secured transactions law, operationalized through a synchronization model of authority between curators and secured creditors in a coordinative framework. The contribution of this research provides a conceptual basis and practical recommendations, including revising provisions on execution delay and time limits, as well as establishing integrated technical guidelines to enhance legal certainty and the effectiveness of creditors’ rights fulfillment. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan kreditur pemegang hak tanggungan dalam proses kepailitan debitur serta mengevaluasi pemenuhan haknya dalam pelaksanaan eksekusi objek jaminan. Permasalahan penelitian berangkat dari adanya disharmonisasi antara hukum jaminan kebendaan yang memberikan hak eksekusi langsung kepada kreditur dan hukum kepailitan yang menempatkan seluruh harta debitur sebagai boedel pailit di bawah penguasaan kurator, sehingga menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kreditur pemegang hak tanggungan tetap berkedudukan sebagai kreditur separatis dengan hak preferen, namun pelaksanaan eksekusi menghadapi hambatan berupa penundaan eksekusi, kewenangan kurator, serta kompleksitas prosedur administratif. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada perumusan konsep harmonisasi normatif antara hukum kepailitan dan hukum jaminan kebendaan yang dioperasionalkan melalui model sinkronisasi kewenangan antara kurator dan kreditur separatis secara koordinatif. Kontribusi penelitian ini memberikan dasar konseptual dan rekomendasi operasional berupa perlunya revisi ketentuan terkait penundaan dan batas waktu eksekusi serta penyusunan pedoman teknis eksekusi yang terintegrasi guna meningkatkan kepastian hukum dan efektivitas pemenuhan hak kreditur.