THE IMPACT OF CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR) AND NON PERFORMING LOAN (NPL) ON THE PROFITABILITY OF STATE OWNED BANKS LISTED ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE DURING 2015-2024 18 15
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26623/jreb.v19i2.14610Keywords:
CAR, NPL, ROA, BankAbstract
This study aims to evaluate and analyze the impact of non-performing loans (NPLs) and the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) on the profitability of state-owned banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the period from 2015 to 2024. This study uses secondary data obtained from the annual financial reports of these banks. In a purposive sampling process, four banks with a ten-year observation period and a total of forty observations were included. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 26. The results of the study show that the “non-performing loans” (NPL) variable is the most important factor influencing the return on assets (ROA), while the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) has a positive and significant effect on ROA. This study indicates that business management should optimize their financial ratios by maintaining credit quality and limiting the proportion of non-performing loans. To improve a bank’s profitability, credit risk management is crucial.
References
Adedeji, D. G. (2024). Theoris Of Financial Intermediation : Evaluation and Emperical Relevance. Journal Of Law and Sustainable Development, 12(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i9.3950
Adinda, P. J., & Achmad, N. (2021). Pengaruh Dana Pihak Ketiga, Non-Performing Loan dan Net Interest Margin Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Pemerintah di Indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif Ekonomi Darussalam, 7(1), 77–93.
Admadja, S. A., Setyowati, S. W., Retnasari, A., & Fariz, I. M. (2023). Pengaruh CAR , LDR Dan NPL Terhadap Profitabilitas ( Studi Kasus Pada Bank yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode Tahun 2019-2022 ). Jurnal Akuntansi Neraca, 1(2), 24–34.
Andriansyah, M. D., Susanti, D., & Zaman Muhamad Badru. (2025). Pengaruh CAR dan NPL Terhadap ROA Pada Bank BCA Periode 2013-2023. Neraca Manajemen Ekonomi, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.8734/mnmae.v1i2.359
Apriani, D. R. A., Irinues, S. A., & Andrian, D. H. (2025). P2P lending : how does it affect Indonesian bank ’ s profitability ? Asian Journal of Accounting Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-05-2024-0198
Asriany. (2021). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio dan Non-Performing Loan terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Perbankan. JESYA: Jurnal Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah, 4(2), 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v4i2.462
Cahyani, H. D., & Amirudin, A. (2024). Pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL) dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) terhadap Profitabilitas (ROA) Perusahaan Perbankan Tahun 2014 - 2023. Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.55606/jupiman.v3i3.4181
Cong, P. N., & Nguyen, D. T. P. (2026). Debt covenant and financial intermediation : how debt characteristics shape earnings management in Vietnam. Journal of Economics and Development, 27(4), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-05-2025-0198
Dina, A., & Nana, D. (2022). Pengaruh Biaya Operasional Terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), dan Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) Terhadap Profitabilitas (ROA) Pada Bank Bukopin Syariah Periode 2013-2020. JIEI: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(01), 1095–1102.
Duah, E., Kwarteng, S., Gyimah, P., & Prince, K. A. A. (2026). Advancing enterprise learning and performance of small businesses : Do innovation and culture matter ? IIMBG Journal of Sustainable Business and Innovation, February. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSBI-09-2024-0050
Edin, K., Soleiman, M. L., & Darush, Y. (2025). Regulation , competition and profitability : a tri-method analysis of Swedish banks. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-04-2025-0106
Ghenimi, A., Hasna, C., & Mohamed, A. O. (2025). How capital structure affects Islamic and conventional bank profitability : The role of diversification. Asian Journal of Accounting Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-02-2025-0050
Ghozali, I. (2021). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS 26 (10th ed.). Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Gregorius, P. T., Nih, L. G. S. D., & I, G. N. B. G. (2023). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non Performing Loan (NPL) dan Loan To Deposit Ratio (LDR) terhadap Profitabilitas pada Perusahaan Perbankan di Bursa Efek Indonesia. JIIP (Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan), 6(September), 7432–7440.
Gusganda, S. M., & Rina, M. H. (2020). Analisis Tingkat Kesehatan Bank menggunakan metode profil Risiko, Tata Kelola Perusahaan yang Baik, Pendapatan & Modal (Studi Komparasi Antara Bank Umum Konvensional dan Bank Umum Syariah Di Indonesia Lembaga yang Terdaftar Pada Otoritas Layanan Keuangan . E-QIEN: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 7(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.34308/eqien.v7i1.123
Hananta, A. B., & Hersugondo. (2022). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas bank: Studi kasus bank yang terdaftar di BEI. Jurnal Riset Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 15(2), 144–158.
Héctor, S., & Kenna, P. (2025). Protecting homeloan borrowers in the emerging EU secondary market for non-performing loans. Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental, 17(2–3), 174–190. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPPEL-07-2024-0028
Helmalia, F. (2021). Pengaruh NPL , CAR , dan BI Rate terhadap ROA pada Bank Badan Usaha Milik Negara. Indonesian Journal of Economics and Management, 1(2), 352–365.
Herlambang, S., & Adler, H. M. (2025). Pengaruh Faktor Internal dan Eksternal Bank Terhadap Kinerja keuangan Pada Bank Umum di Indonesia. Journal Of Capital Markets and Banking (JCMB), 13(4), 42–73. https://doi.org/10.63607/jcmb.v13i4
Intan, P., Sri, A., & Abdul, S. (2020). Pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL) dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) terhadap Return On Asset (ROA) pada Bank BUMN yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. JEBI Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Indonesia, 04(01), 23–26.
Ira, A. S., & Supramono, S. (2021). Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Dengan Profitabilitas Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Jurnal Riset Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 14(2), 117–132.
Ivan, L. A., & RA, S. P. (2021). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Rasio, Dana Pihak Ketiga, dan Non Performing Loan, Terhadap Profitabilitas dengan LDR Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(April 2008), 437–451.
Mahdaniyyah, R., & Catur, R. M. (2021). Pengaruh Non-Performing Loans Terhadap Profitability Bank Komersial yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Media Riset Bisnis & Manajemen, 21(2), 87–98. https://doi.org/10.25105/mrbm.v21i2. 13344
Muhammad, Z. R., & Diah, A. (2023). Pengaruh Rasio Biaya Operasional Pada Pendapatan Operasional, Non-Performing Loan dan Loan to Deposit Ratio Terhadap Profitabilitas Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar di BEI. Journal Of Applied Managerial Accounting, 7(2), 291–302.
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. (2020). RANCANGAN SURAT EDARAN OTORITAS JASA KEUANGAN NOMOR/SEOJK.03/2020. TRANSPARANSI DAN PUBLIKASI LAPORAN BANK UMUM KONVENSIONAL.
Ozili, P. K. (2025). Bank non-performing loans research around the world. AJEB : Asian Journal of Economics and Banking, 9(3), 437–462. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEB-09-2024-0103
Pardamean, P. H. R., & Prasetiono. (2024). Pengaruh CAR, BOPO dan NPL Terhadap Return On Assetss Dengan Net Interest Margin Sebagai Variabel Mediasi (Studi pada Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia yang Tedaftar di BEI Periode 2019-2023). Diponegoro Journal Of Management, 13, 1–15.
Putu, S. A. J. K., & I, G. R. P. D. (2025). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non Performing loan, Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional dan Loan to Deposit Ratio pada Profitabilitas Bank (ROA) (Studi Kasus : Entitas Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2020-2022). JIMEA: Jurnal Ilmiah MEA (Manajemen, Ekonomi, Dan Akuntansi), 9(1), 231–250.
Rachmawati, Belliwati, K., & Mister, C. (2025). Financial Inclusion dan Stabilitas Perbankan : Bukti Empiris Bank yang terdaftar di BEI. Lokawati : Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen Dan Inovasi Riset, 3(3), 28–51. https://doi.org/10.61132/lokawati.v3i3.1711
Ridene, S., Jedidi, L., & Ayed, W. Ben. (2026). Assessing the impact of FinTech on bank efficiency : insights from the MENA region. Fintech and Digital Accounting Review, February. https://doi.org/10.1108/FDAR-08-2025-0023
Sabila, N. A., Radia, P., & Rosma, P. (2021). Pengaruh CAR dan LDR terhadap ROA pada Bank Umum yang Terdaftar di BEI. Indonesian Journal of Economics and Management, 2(1), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.35313/ijem.v2i1.3143
Samto, Somiati, S., & Susetyo, Y. (2024). Analisis Pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) dan Beban Operasional Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) Terhadap Profitabilitas (Studi Empiris Pada BPR BKK Bank Kota Tegal). E-Logis:Jurnal Ekonomi Logistik, 6, 136–150. https://doi.org/10.70375/e-logis.v7i2.111
Susilawati, S., & Nurulrahmatiah, N. (2021). Pengaruh Non-Performing Loan (NPL) dan Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) terhadap Return on Asset (ROA) dengan Net Interest Margin ( NIM ) sebagai Variabel Mediasi pada Bank BUMN yang Terdaftar di BEI. Jurnal Maksipreneur: Manajemen, Koperasi, Dan Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 69–89.
Tangngisalu, J., Hasanuddin, R., Hala, Y., Nurlina, N., & Syahruni, S. (2020). Effect of CAR and NPL on ROA : Empirical Study in Indonesia Banks. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(6), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no6.009
Ummi, K., & Randy, H. (2023). Biaya Operasional Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia. BALANCE : Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 8(1), 76–84.
Vinh, H. Le, Anh, H. N., & Toan, V. N. (2026). Financial intermediation and profitability of commercial banks in Vietnam : does bank size matter ? Journal of International Economics and Management, 25(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEM-04-2025-0018
Wiranti, & Deny, Y. (2024). Pengaruh CAR, NPL dan NIM Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum yang Listing di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Al-Kharaj : Jurnal Ekonomi , Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 6(1), 336–347. https://doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v6i1.3558
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 hastri, Edy Jumady, Zulfikry Sukarno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal holds the copyright for each article published with work licensed simultaneously under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the authorship and early publication of the work in this journal.
